90,984 research outputs found
The walking robot project
A walking robot was designed, analyzed, and tested as an intelligent, mobile, and a terrain adaptive system. The robot's design was an application of existing technologies. The design of the six legs modified and combines well understood mechanisms and was optimized for performance, flexibility, and simplicity. The body design incorporated two tripods for walking stability and ease of turning. The electrical hardware design used modularity and distributed processing to drive the motors. The software design used feedback to coordinate the system and simple keystrokes to give commands. The walking machine can be easily adapted to hostile environments such as high radiation zones and alien terrain. The primary goal of the leg design was to create a leg capable of supporting a robot's body and electrical hardware while walking or performing desired tasks, namely those required for planetary exploration. The leg designers intent was to study the maximum amount of flexibility and maneuverability achievable by the simplest and lightest leg design. The main constraints for the leg design were leg kinematics, ease of assembly, degrees of freedom, number of motors, overall size, and weight
Clumpy Ultracompact HII Regions I: Fully Supersonic Wind-blown Models
We propose that a significant fraction of the ultracompact HII regions found
in massive star-forming clouds are the result of the interaction of the wind
and ionizing radiation from a young massive star with the clumpy molecular
cloud gas in its neighbourhood. Distributed mass loading in the flow allows the
compact nebulae to be long-lived. In this paper, we discuss a particularly
simple case, in which the flow in the HII region is everywhere supersonic. The
line profiles predicted for this model are highly characteristic, for the case
of uniform mass loading. We discuss briefly other observational diagnostics of
these models.Comment: To appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 5
pages LaTeX (uses mn.sty and epsf.sty macros) + 4 PS figures. Also available
via http://axp2.ast.man.ac.uk:8000/Preprints.htm
Non-equilibrium umbrella sampling applied to force spectroscopy of soft matter
Physical systems often respond on a timescale which is longer than that of the measurement. This is particularly true in soft matter where direct experimental measurement, for example in force spectroscopy, drives the soft system out of equilibrium and provides a non-equilibrium measure. Here we demonstrate experimentally for the first time that equilibrium physical quantities (such as the mean square displacement) can be obtained from non-equilibrium measurements via umbrella sampling. Our model experimental system is a bead fluctuating in a time-varying optical trap. We also show this for simulated force spectroscopy on a complex soft molecule--a piston-rotaxane
Vortex Fluctuations in the Critical Casimir Effect of Superfluid and Superconducting Films
Vortex-loop renormalization techniques are used to calculate the magnitude of
the critical Casimir forces in superfluid films. The force is found to become
appreciable when size of the thermal vortex loops is comparable to the film
thickness, and the results for T < Tc are found to match very well with
perturbative renormalization theories that have only been carried out for T >
Tc. When applied to a high-Tc superconducting film connected to a bulk sample,
the Casimir force causes a voltage difference to appear between the film and
bulk, and estimates show that this may be readily measurable.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, Revtex 4, typo correctio
Coupling of phonons to a helium atom adsorbed on graphite
We compute the self-energy for a ^4He atom adsorbed on graphite to second order in the phonon coupling. The phonon contributions amount to several degrees Kelvin. The imaginary part corresponds to a lifetime of some 10^(-11) s
Fluctuation Theorems
Fluctuation theorems, which have been developed over the past 15 years, have
resulted in fundamental breakthroughs in our understanding of how
irreversibility emerges from reversible dynamics, and have provided new
statistical mechanical relationships for free energy changes. They describe the
statistical fluctuations in time-averaged properties of many-particle systems
such as fluids driven to nonequilibrium states, and provide some of the very
few analytical expressions that describe nonequilibrium states. Quantitative
predictions on fluctuations in small systems that are monitored over short
periods can also be made, and therefore the fluctuation theorems allow
thermodynamic concepts to be extended to apply to finite systems. For this
reason, fluctuation theorems are anticipated to play an important role in the
design of nanotechnological devices and in understanding biological processes.
These theorems, their physical significance and results for experimental and
model systems are discussed.Comment: A review, submitted to Annual Reviews in Physical Chemistry, July
2007 Acknowledgements corrected in revisio
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