242 research outputs found
Geometry shapes evolution of early multicellularity
Organisms have increased in complexity through a series of major evolutionary
transitions, in which formerly autonomous entities become parts of a novel
higher-level entity. One intriguing feature of the higher-level entity after
some major transitions is a division of reproductive labor among its
lower-level units. Although it can have clear benefits once established, it is
unknown how such reproductive division of labor originates. We consider a
recent evolution experiment on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a unique
platform to address the issue of reproductive differentiation during an
evolutionary transition in individuality. In the experiment, independent yeast
lineages evolved a multicellular "snowflake-like'' cluster form in response to
gravity selection. Shortly after the evolution of clusters, the yeast evolved
higher rates of cell death. While cell death enables clusters to split apart
and form new groups, it also reduces their performance in the face of gravity
selection. To understand the selective value of increased cell death, we create
a mathematical model of the cellular arrangement within snowflake yeast
clusters. The model reveals that the mechanism of cell death and the geometry
of the snowflake interact in complex, evolutionarily important ways. We find
that the organization of snowflake yeast imposes powerful limitations on the
available space for new cell growth. By dying more frequently, cells in
clusters avoid encountering space limitations, and, paradoxically, reach higher
numbers. In addition, selection for particular group sizes can explain the
increased rate of apoptosis both in terms of total cell number and total
numbers of collectives. Thus, by considering the geometry of a primitive
multicellular organism we can gain insight into the initial emergence of
reproductive division of labor during an evolutionary transition in
individuality.Comment: 7 figure
Change in the magnetic structure of (Bi,Sm)FeO3 thin films at the morphotropic phase boundary probed by neutron diffraction
We report on the evolution of the magnetic structure of BiFeO3 thin films
grown on SrTiO3 substrates as a function of Sm doping. We determined the
magnetic structure using neutron diffraction. We found that as Sm increases,
the magnetic structure evolves from a cycloid to a G-type antiferromagnet at
the morphotropic phase boundary, where there is a large piezoelectric response
due to an electric-field induced structural transition. The occurrence of the
magnetic structural transition at the morphotropic phase boundary offers
another route towards room temperature multiferroic devices
Genetics of a de novo origin of undifferentiated multicellularity
The evolution of multicellularity was a major transition in evolution and set the stage for unprecedented increases in complexity, especially in land plants and animals. Here, we explore the genetics underlying a de novo origin of multicellularity in a microbial evolution experiment carried out on the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We show that large-scale changes in gene expression underlie the transition to a multicellular life cycle. Among these, changes to genes involved in cell cycle and reproductive processes were overrepresented, as were changes to C. reinhardtii-specific and volvocine-specific genes. These results suggest that the genetic basis for the experimental evolution of multicellularity in C. reinhardtii has both lineage-specific and shared features, and that the shared features have more in common with C. reinhardtii\u27s relatives among the volvocine algae than with other multicellular green algae or land plants
Evolution of the bulk properties, structure, magnetic order, and superconductivity with Ni doping in CaFe2-xNixAs2
Magnetization, susceptibility, specific heat, resistivity, neutron and x-ray
diffraction have been used to characterize the properties of single crystalline
CaFe2-xNixAs2 as a function of Ni doping for x varying from 0 to 0.1. The
combined first-order structural and magnetic phase transitions occur together
in the undoped system at 172 K, with a small decrease in the area of the a-b
plane along with an abrupt increase in the length of the c-axis in the
orthorhombic phase. With increasing x the ordered moment and transition
temperature decrease, but the transition remains sharp at modest doping while
the area of the a-b plane quickly decreases and then saturates. Warming and
cooling data in the resistivity and neutron diffraction indicate hysteresis of
~2 K. At larger doping the transition is more rounded, and decreases to zero
for x=0.06. The susceptibility is anisotropic for all values of x. Electrical
resistivity for x = 0.053 and 0.06 shows a superconducting transition with an
onset of nearly 15 K which is further corroborated by substantial diamagnetic
susceptibility. For the fully superconducting sample there is no long range
magnetic order and the structure remains tetragonal at all temperature, but
there is an anomalous increase in the area of the a-b plane in going to low T.
Heat capacity data show that the density of states at the Fermi level increases
for x > 0.053 as inferred from the value of Sommerfeld coefficient. The regime
of superconductivity is quite restrictive, with a maximum TC of 15 K and an
upper critical field Hc2=14 T. Superconductivity disappears in the overdoped
region.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
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