Reversal of oncogene transformation and suppression of tumor growth by the novel IGF1R kinase inhibitor A-928605

BACKGROUND: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is an important signaling pathway in the growth and survival of many cell and tissue types. This pathway has also been implicated in many aspects of cancer progression from tumorigenesis to metastasis. The multiple roles of IGF signaling in cancer suggest that inhibition of the pathway might yield clinically effective therapeutics. METHODS: We describe A-928605, a novel pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases (IGF1R and IR) responsible for IGF signal transduction. This compound was first tested for its activity and selectivity via conventional in vitro kinome profiling and cellular IGF1R autophosphorylation. Additionally, cellular selectivity and efficacy of A-928605 were analyzed in an IGF1R oncogene-addicted cell line by proliferation, signaling and microarray studies. Finally, in vivo efficacy of A-928605 was assessed in the oncogene-addicted cell line and in a neuroblastoma model as a single agent as well as in combination with clinically approved therapeutics targeting EGFR in models of pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancers. RESULTS: A-928605 is a selective IGF1R inhibitor that is able to abrogate activation of the pathway both in vitro and in vivo. This novel compound dosed as a single agent is able to produce significant growth inhibition of neuroblastoma xenografts in vivo. A-928605 is also able to provide additive effects when used in combination with clinically approved agents directed against EGFR in non-small cell lung and human pancreatic tumor models. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a selective IGF1R inhibitor such as A-928605 may provide a useful clinical therapeutic for IGF pathway affected tumors and warrants further investigation

Use of Bmp1/Tll1 Doubly Homozygous Null Mice and Proteomics To Identify and Validate In Vivo Substrates of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1/Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases

Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) and mammalian Tolloid (mTLD), two proteinases encoded by Bmp1, provide procollagen C-proteinase (pCP) activity that converts procollagens I to III into the major fibrous components of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM). Yet, although Bmp1(−/−) mice have aberrant collagen fibrils, they have residual pCP activity, indicative of genetic redundancy. Mammals possess two additional proteinases structurally similar to BMP-1 and mTLD: the genetically distinct mammalian Tolloid-like 1 (mTLL-1) and mTLL-2. Mice lacking the mTLL-1 gene Tll1 are embryonic lethal but have pCP activity levels similar to those of the wild type, suggesting that mTLL-1 might not be an in vivo pCP. In vitro studies have shown BMP-1 and mTLL-1 capable of cleaving Chordin, an extracellular antagonist of BMP signaling, suggesting that these proteases might also serve to modulate BMP signaling and to coordinate the latter with ECM formation. However, in vivo evidence of roles for BMP-1 and mTLL-1 in BMP signaling in mammals is lacking. To remove functional redundancy obscuring the in vivo functions of BMP-1-related proteases in mammals, we here characterize Bmp1 Tll1 doubly null mouse embryos. Although these appear morphologically indistinguishable from Tll1(−/−) embryos, biochemical analysis of cells derived from doubly null embryos shows functional redundancy removed to an extent enabling us to demonstrate that (i) products of Bmp1 and Tll1 are responsible for in vivo cleavage of Chordin in mammals and (ii) mTLL-1 is an in vivo pCP that provides residual activity observed in Bmp1(−/−) embryos. Removal of functional redundancy also enabled use of Bmp1(−/−) Tll1(−/−) cells in a proteomics approach for identifying novel substrates of Bmp1 and Tll1 products

Procollagen C Proteinase Enhancer 1 Genes Are Important Determinants of the Mechanical Properties and Geometry of Bone and the Ultrastructure of Connective Tissues

Procollagen C proteinases (pCPs) cleave type I to III procollagen C propeptides as a necessary step in assembling the major fibrous components of vertebrate extracellular matrix. The protein PCOLCE1 (procollagen C proteinase enhancer 1) is not a proteinase but can enhance the activity of pCPs ∼10-fold in vitro and has reported roles in inhibiting other proteinases and in growth control. Here we have generated mice with null alleles of the PCOLCE1 gene, Pcolce, to ascertain in vivo roles. Although Pcolce(−)(/)(−) mice are viable and fertile, Pcolce(−)(/)(−) male, but not female, long bones are more massive and have altered geometries that increase resistance to loading, compared to wild type. Mechanical testing indicated inferior material properties of Pcolce(−)(/)(−) male long bone, apparently compensated for by the adaptive changes in bone geometry. Male and female Pcolce(−)(/)(−) vertebrae both appeared to compensate for inferior material properties with thickened and more numerous trabeculae and had a uniquely altered morphology in deposited mineral. Ultrastructurally, Pcolce(−)(/)(−) mice had profoundly abnormal collagen fibrils in both mineralized and nonmineralized tissues. In Pcolce(−)(/)(−) tendon, 100% of collagen fibrils had deranged morphologies, indicating marked functional effects in this tissue. Thus, PCOLCE1 is an important determinant of bone mechanical properties and geometry and of collagen fibril morphology in mammals, and the human PCOLCE1 gene is identified as a candidate for phenotypes with defects in such attributes in humans

The Histone Methyltransferase Inhibitor A-366 Uncovers a Role for G9a/GLP in the Epigenetics of Leukemia.

Histone methyltransferases are epigenetic regulators that modify key lysine and arginine residues on histones and are believed to play an important role in cancer development and maintenance. These epigenetic modifications are potentially reversible and as a result this class of enzymes has drawn great interest as potential therapeutic targets of small molecule inhibitors. Previous studies have suggested that the histone lysine methyltransferase G9a (EHMT2) is required to perpetuate malignant phenotypes through multiple mechanisms in a variety of cancer types. To further elucidate the enzymatic role of G9a in cancer, we describe herein the biological activities of a novel peptide-competitive histone methyltransferase inhibitor, A-366, that selectively inhibits G9a and the closely related GLP (EHMT1), but not other histone methyltransferases. A-366 has significantly less cytotoxic effects on the growth of tumor cell lines compared to other known G9a/GLP small molecule inhibitors despite equivalent cellular activity on methylation of H3K9me2. Additionally, the selectivity profile of A-366 has aided in the discovery of a potentially important role for G9a/GLP in maintenance of leukemia. Treatment of various leukemia cell lines in vitro resulted in marked differentiation and morphological changes of these tumor cell lines. Furthermore, treatment of a flank xenograft leukemia model with A-366 resulted in growth inhibition in vivo consistent with the profile of H3K9me2 reduction observed. In summary, A-366 is a novel and highly selective inhibitor of G9a/GLP that has enabled the discovery of a role for G9a/GLP enzymatic activity in the growth and differentiation status of leukemia cells

Discovery and Development of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Histone Methyltransferase G9a

G9a is a histone lysine methyltransferase responsible for the methylation of histone H3 lysine 9. The discovery of A-366 arose from a unique diversity screening hit, which was optimized by incorporation of a propyl-pyrrolidine subunit to occupy the enzyme lysine channel. A-366 is a potent inhibitor of G9a (IC₅₀: 3.3 nM) with greater than 1000-fold selectivity over 21 other methyltransferases

Turning a Substrate Peptide into a Potent Inhibitor for the Histone Methyltransferase SETD8

SETD8 is a histone H4–K20 methyltransferase that plays an essential role in the maintenance of genomic integrity during mitosis and in DNA damage repair, making it an intriguing target for cancer research. While some small molecule inhibitors for SETD8 have been reported, the structural binding modes for these inhibitors have not been revealed. Using the complex structure of the substrate peptide bound to SETD8 as a starting point, different natural and unnatural amino acid substitutions were tested, and a potent (<i>K</i>_i 50 nM, IC₅₀ 0.33 μM) and selective norleucine containing peptide inhibitor has been obtained

A-366 does not impact the proliferation of MCF-7 cells despite inhibition of H3K9me2.

<p>(A) MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with the indicated concentrations of A-366 or UNC0638 for 14 days before assessing colony formation. (B) MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of A-366 or UNC0638 for 3 days and subjected to western blot analysis of global H3K9me2 and total histone H3.</p

A-366 inhibits H3K9me2 similar to UNC0638, but does not inhibit cell growth of MOLT-16 and HT-1080 cells.

<p>(A) The T-cell ALL cell line MOLT-16 was treated for 5 days with A-366 or UNC0638 before assessing their proliferation. (B) MOLT-16 cells were treated for 3 days with compounds and lysed. Lysates were normalized and western blot analysis was performed for H3K9me2, total H3 and G9a. (C) HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells were treated for 2 or 5 days with A-366 or UNC0638 before assessing their proliferation. (D) H3K9me2 AlphaLISA was performed on HT-1080 cells treated for 2 days with compounds and % inhibition of H3K9me2 was calculated compared to untreated control cells.</p