Experimental Testing of Quantum Mechanical Predictions of Mutagenicity: Aminopyrazoles

A computational method for predicting the likelihood of aromatic amines being active in the Ames test for mutagenicity was trialed on a set of aminopyrazoles. A virtual array of compounds was generated from the available sets of hydrazines and α-cyanoaldehydes (or ketones) and quantum mechanical calculations used to compute a probability of being active in the Ames test. The compounds selected for synthesis and testing were not based on the predictions and so spanned the range of predicted probabilities. The subsequently generated results of the Ames test were in good correspondence with the predictions and confirm this approach as a useful means of predicting likely mutagenic risk

Synthesis of 3‑(Hetero)aryl Tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4‑<i>c</i>]pyridines by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Methodology

A new synthetic route to 3-(heteroaryl) tetrahydropyrazolo­[3,4-<i>c</i>]­pyridines has been developed that uses the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of a triflate <b>6</b> with (hetero)­aryl boronic acids or esters. Using Pd­(OAc)₂ and XPhos or an XPhos precatalyst, a diverse range of substituents at the C3 position of the tetrahydropyrazolo­[3,4-<i>c</i>]­pyridine skeleton were prepared. The use of pivaloyloxymethyl and benzyl protection also offers the potential to differentially functionalize the pyrazole and tetrahydropyridine nitrogens

The acute glucose lowering effect of specific GPR120 activation in mice is mainly driven by glucagon-like peptide 1

<div><p>The mechanism behind the glucose lowering effect occurring after specific activation of GPR120 is not completely understood. In this study, a potent and selective GPR120 agonist was developed and its pharmacological properties were compared with the previously described GPR120 agonist Metabolex-36. Effects of both compounds on signaling pathways and GLP-1 secretion were investigated <i>in vitro</i>. The acute glucose lowering effect was studied in lean wild-type and GPR120 <i>null</i> mice following oral or intravenous glucose tolerance tests. <i>In vitro</i>, in GPR120 overexpressing cells, both agonists signaled through Gα_q, Gα_s and the β-arrestin pathway. However, in mouse islets the signaling pathway was different since the agonists reduced cAMP production. The GPR120 agonists stimulated GLP-1 secretion both <i>in vitro</i> in STC-1 cells and <i>in vivo</i> following oral administration. <i>In vivo</i> GPR120 activation induced significant glucose lowering and increased insulin secretion after intravenous glucose administration in lean mice, while the agonists had no effect in GPR120 <i>null</i> mice. Exendin 9–39, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, abolished the GPR120 induced effects on glucose and insulin following an intravenous glucose challenge. In conclusion, GLP-1 secretion is an important mechanism behind the acute glucose lowering effect following specific GPR120 activation.</p></div

AZ13581837 and Metabolex-36 reduced cAMP production in mouse islets and induced GLP-1 secretion from STC-1 cells.

<p>Effect of 10 μM AZ13581837, 10 μM Metabolex-36, 50 nM Exendin-4 or vehicle control on cAMP production in dispersed islets from wild type (<b>A</b>) and GP120 <i>null</i> mice (<b>B</b>). Data represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments where islet were isolated from two or four mice of each genotype. cAMP was measured in at least triplicates for both wild type and GPR120 <i>null</i> islet in each experiment. STC-1 cells were stimulated with Metabolex-36, AZ13581837 or vehicle control (0.1% DMSO) for 2 hours and secreted active GLP-1 was measured by ELISA (<b>C</b>). Three independent GLP-1 secretion experiments were run where n = 3 of each control and compound treatment. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 and ****p<0.0001 versus vehicle control (two sample, two sided t-test).</p

Exendin 9–39 blocked the AZ13581837 induced potentiation of insulin secretion in lean mice.

<p>Insulin levels following intravenous glucose challenge (<b>A</b>) and corresponding blood glucose (<b>C</b>), after administration of AZ13581837, exendin 9–39 or a co-administration of both, with corresponding calculations of AIR (<b>B</b>) and glucose elimination (<b>D</b>). The IVGTT data are from two independent experiments with n = 10 mice per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.***p<0.001 and *p<0.05 versus vehicle control.</p

Exendin 9–39 blocked the Metabolex-36 induced potentiation of insulin secretion in lean mice.

<p>Insulin levels following intravenous glucose challenge (<b>A</b>) and corresponding blood glucose (<b>C</b>), after administration of Metabolex-36, exendin 9–39 or a co-administration of both, with corresponding calculations of AIR (<b>B</b>) and glucose elimination (<b>D</b>). The IVGTT data are from two independent experiments with 6–7 mice per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.**p<0.01 and *p<0.05 versus vehicle control.</p

Metabolex-36 and AZ13581837 increased insulin secretion in IVGTT in lean mice.

<p>Insulin (<b>A</b>) and blood glucose (<b>C</b>) levels following an intravenous glucose challenge after oral administration of Metabolex-36 and AZ13581837 in lean female mice and corresponding AIR (<b>B</b>) and glucose elimination (<b>D</b>). Data represent six (Metabolex-36, n = 33, vehicle n = 34) and two (AZ13581837, n = 14) independent experiments and data are presented as mean ± SEM. Plasma levels of total GLP-1 (<b>E</b>) at time point was determined in separate experiments with n = 10 mice per group. ***p<0.001 and **p<0.01versus vehicle control.</p

Effect of Metabolex-36 and AZ13581837 on oral glucose tolerance in mice.

<p>Effect of Metabolex-36 (<b>A</b>) and AZ13581837 (<b>C</b>) on glucose response after an oral glucose challenge (2g/kg) in male mice and the corresponding unbound circulating concentrations of Metabolex-36 (<b>B</b>) and AZ13581837 (<b>D</b>) during the experiment. AZ13581837 and Metabolex-36 were given in different doses as indicated in the figures with n = 10 mice group and compared to vehicle treated mice (n = 12 mice per group). The EC₅₀ value for each GPR120 agonist assessed on mouse GPR120 using a DMR assay is indicated in figures. Blood glucose levels following oral glucose administration in GPR120 <i>null</i> mice (<b>E</b>) and wild type mice (<b>F</b>) were determined for vehicle (open squares) and Metabolex-36 (filled squares).</p

Structure of AZ13581837 and Metabolex-36 and specificity of the compounds for human and mouse GPR120 and human or mouse GPR40.

<p><b>A)</b> Chemical structure of AZ13581837 and <b>B)</b> Metabolex-36.<b>C)</b> Effect of AZ13581837 (squares) and Metabolex-36 (circles) on DMR response in CHO-hGPR120 (filled symbols) and CHO (open symbols). <b>D)</b> Activity in CHO-GPR40 cells for AZ13581837 (filled squares), Metabolex-36 (filled circles) and GW9508 (filled triangles). Activity in CHO-hGPR120 cells is shown as reference for AZ13581837 (open squares), Metabolex-36 (open circles) and GW9508 (open triangles). <b>E)</b> Cross species selectivity evaluated in CHO-mGPR120 cells using a DMR assay. Activity of AZ13581837 (squares) and Metabolex-36 (circles) on mouse GPR120 (filled symbols) compared to human GPR120 (open symbols). <b>F)</b> Cross species selectivity for GPR40 evaluated using a calcium mobilization assay. Effect of AZ13581837 (filled squares) and Metabolex-36 (filled circles) on mouse GPR40 with GW9508 (filled triangles) as reference. Activity in CHO-hGPR120 cells is shown as comparison for AZ13581837 (open squares) and Metabolex-36 (open circles). Data are shown as mean ± SEM run in duplicates or more and representative for two or more independent experiments.</p

<i>In vitro</i> pharmacology of AZ13581837 and Metabolex-36.

<p><i>In vitro</i> pharmacology of AZ13581837 and Metabolex-36.</p