The Dissociation Energy of Carbon Monoxide and the Heat of Sublimation of Graphite

For a number of years there has existed doubt about the value of the dissociation energy of carbon monoxide and about the heat of sublimation of graphite, a directly related quantity. The most popular values for the dissociation energy of carbon monoxide are 9.144 electron-volts, suggested by Herzberg [1] on the basis of predissociation phenomena in band spectra, 9.61 e. v., suggested by Hagstrum and Tate [2] on the basis of electron impact experiments (or the value 9.85 e. v. derivable from predissociation data [3]), and 11.11 e. v., suggested by Gaydon and Penney [4] from an analysis of spectroscopic data. These values together with thermochemical data lead to the values 124.9, 141.4, and 170.3 kcal./mole, respectively, for the heat of sublimation of graphite. Strong evidence for the last of these values has been presented by Brewer, Gilles, and Jenkins [5], who have reported 170.4 kcal./mole from a direct experimental determination. The value has, however, been criticized by other investigators [6,7], and has been defended by Brewer [8]. In this paper we communicate an argument which indicates that the higih values of about 170 kcal./mole for the heat of sublimation of carbon to C(g)(3P) and 11.11 e. v. for the dissociation energy of carbon monoxide are not correct, and which leads instead to the values 140 kcal./mole and 9.77 e. v., respectively

Lithospheric shear velocity structure of South Island, New Zealand, from amphibious Rayleigh wave tomography

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 121 (2016): 3686–3702, doi:10.1002/2015JB012726.We present a crust and mantle 3-D shear velocity model extending well offshore of New Zealand's South Island, imaging the lithosphere beneath the South Island as well as the Campbell and Challenger Plateaus. Our model is constructed via linearized inversion of both teleseismic (18–70 s period) and ambient noise-based (8–25 s period) Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements. We augment an array of 4 land-based and 29 ocean bottom instruments deployed off the South Island's east and west coasts in 2009–2010 by the Marine Observations of Anisotropy Near Aotearoa experiment with 28 land-based seismometers from New Zealand's permanent GeoNet array. Major features of our shear wave velocity (Vs) model include a low-velocity (Vs 50 km) beneath the central South Island exhibits strong spatial correlation with upper mantle earthquake hypocenters beneath the Alpine Fault. The ~400 km long low-velocity zone we image beneath eastern South Island and the inner Bounty Trough underlies Cenozoic volcanics and the locations of mantle-derived helium measurements, consistent with asthenospheric upwelling in the region.National Science Foundation Grant Number: EAR-0409564, EAR-0409609, and EAR-04098352016-11-2

The Structure of Trifluoromethyl Acetylene from the Microwave Spectrum and Electron Diffraction Pattern

Measurements, in the microwave region, of the J = 3→4 rotational transitions of trifluoromethyl acetylene and several of its isotopic modifications have been made, and the moments of inertia, I_B (in a.m.u.‐Å 2), have been found for the ground vibrational state: for CF_3CCH, 175.61_3, CF_3C^(13)CH, 177.02_4, CF_3CC^(13)H, 181.30_2, and for CF_3CCD, 187.46_2. Three lines corresponding to J = 3→4 transitions of CF_3CCH in the excited vibrational state v_(10) = 1, and two lines corresponding to v_(10) = 2 and v_(10) = 3, have also been measured and interpreted according to Nielson's theory of l‐type doubling in symmetric tops. From Stark effect measurements at different electric field strengths the dipole moment of CF_3CCH in the ground vibrational state has been found to be 2.36±0.04 Debye units. For the ground vibrational state the microwave data lead to the following bond distances: C–H, 1.056±0.005Å; C≡C, 1.201±0.002A. The C–C and C–F distances were calculated from the measured moments of inertia for several assumed values of the FCF angle. Electron diffraction experiments were also made, and the intensity curves calculated for the assumed microwave models were compared with the observed visual curve. From the combination of microwave and electron diffraction results the best agreement was obtained with the following set of parameters: ∠FCF, 107.5°±1°; C–C, 1.464±0.02A; C–F, 1.335±0.01A

'To live and die [for] Dixie': Irish civilians and the Confederate States of America

Around 20,000 Irishmen served in the Confederate army in the Civil War. As a result, they left behind, in various Southern towns and cities, large numbers of friends, family, and community leaders. As with native-born Confederates, Irish civilian support was crucial to Irish participation in the Confederate military effort. Also, Irish civilians served in various supporting roles: in factories and hospitals, on railroads and diplomatic missions, and as boosters for the cause. They also, however, suffered in bombardments, sieges, and the blockade. Usually poorer than their native neighbours, they could not afford to become 'refugees' and move away from the centres of conflict. This essay, based on research from manuscript collections, contemporary newspapers, British Consular records, and Federal military records, will examine the role of Irish civilians in the Confederacy, and assess the role this activity had on their integration into Southern communities. It will also look at Irish civilians in the defeat of the Confederacy, particularly when they came under Union occupation. Initial research shows that Irish civilians were not as upset as other whites in the South about Union victory. They welcomed a return to normalcy, and often 'collaborated' with Union authorities. Also, Irish desertion rates in the Confederate army were particularly high, and I will attempt to gauge whether Irish civilians played a role in this. All of the research in this paper will thus be put in the context of the Drew Gilpin Faust/Gary Gallagher debate on the influence of the Confederate homefront on military performance. By studying the Irish civilian experience one can assess how strong the Confederate national experiment was. Was it a nation without a nationalism

Investigating Protostellar Accretion-Driven Outflows Across the Mass Spectrum: JWST NIRSpec IFU 3-5~μ\mum Spectral Mapping of Five Young Protostars

Investigating Protostellar Accretion (IPA) is a Cycle 1 JWST program using the NIRSpec+MIRI IFUs to obtain 2.9--28 $\mu$m spectral cubes of five young protostars with luminosities of 0.2 to 10,000 L$_{\odot}$ in their primary accretion phase. This paper introduces the NIRSpec 2.9--5.3 $\mu$m data of the inner 840-9000 au with spatial resolutions from 28-300 au. The spectra show rising continuum emission, deep ice absorption, emission from H$_{2}$, H~I, and [Fe~II], and the CO fundamental series in emission and absorption. Maps of the continuum emission show scattered light cavities for all five protostars. In the cavities, collimated jets are detected in [Fe~II] for the four $< 320$~L$_{\odot}$ protostars, two of which are additionally traced in Br-$\alpha$. Knots of [Fe~II] emission are detected toward the most luminous protostar, and knots of [FeII] emission with dynamical times of $< 30$~yrs are found in the jets of the others. While only one jet is traced in H$_2$, knots of H$_2$ and CO are detected in the jets of four protostars. H$_2$ is seen extending through the cavities showing they are filled by warm molecular gas. Bright H$_2$ emission is seen along the walls of a single cavity, while in three cavities, narrow shells of H$_2$ emission are found, one of which has an [Fe~II] knot at its apex. These data show cavities containing collimated jets traced in atomic/ionic gas surrounded by warm molecular gas in a wide-angle wind and/or gas accelerated by bow shocks in the jets.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figure

Treatment and outcomes of an Australian cohort of outpatients with bipolar 1 or schizoaffective disorder over twenty-four months : implications for clinical practice

Background The Bipolar Comprehensive Outcomes Study (BCOS) is a 2-year, prospective, non-interventional, observational study designed to explore the clinical and functional outcomes associated with &lsquo;real-world&rsquo; treatment of participants with bipolar I or schizoaffective disorder. All participants received treatment as usual. There was no study medication.Methods Participants prescribed either conventional mood stabilizers (CMS; n&thinsp;=&thinsp;155) alone, or olanzapine with, or without, CMS (olanzapine&thinsp;&plusmn;&thinsp;CMS; n&thinsp;=&thinsp;84) were assessed every 3&thinsp;months using several measures, including the Young Mania Rating Scale, 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impressions Scale &ndash; Bipolar Version, and the EuroQol Instrument. This paper reports 24-month longitudinal clinical, pharmacological, functional, and socioeconomic data.Results On average, participants were 42 (range 18 to 79) years of age, 58%; were female, and 73%; had a diagnosis of bipolar I. Polypharmacy was the usual approach to pharmacological treatment; participants took a median of 5 different psychotropic medications over the course of the study, and spent a median proportion of time of 100%; of the study on mood stabilizers, 90%; on antipsychotics, 9%; on antidepressants, and 5%; on benzodiazepines/hypnotics. By 24&thinsp;months, the majority of participants had achieved both symptomatic and syndromal remission of both mania and depression. Symptomatic relapse rates were similar for both the CMS alone (65%;) and the olanzapine&thinsp;&plusmn;&thinsp;CMS (61%;) cohorts.Conclusions Participants with bipolar I or schizoaffective disorder in this study were receiving complex medication treatments that were often discordant with recommendations made in contemporary major treatment guidelines. The majority of study participants demonstrated some clinical and functional improvements, but not all achieved remission of symptoms or syndrome.<br /

Claudin-7 Is Frequently Overexpressed in Ovarian Cancer and Promotes Invasion

Background: Claudins are tight junction proteins that are involved in tight junction formation and function. Previous studies have shown that claudin-7 is frequently upregulated in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) along with claudin-3 and claudin-4. Here, we investigate in detail the expression patterns of claudin-7, as well as its possible functions in EOC. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 95 ovarian tissue samples (7 normal ovarian tissues, 65 serous carcinomas, 11 clear cell carcinomas, 8 endometrioid carcinomas and 4 mucinous carcinomas) were studied for claudin-7 expression. In real-time RT-PCR analysis, the gene for claudin-7, CLDN7, was found to be upregulated in all the tumor tissue samples studied. Similarly, immunohistochemical analysis and western blotting showed that claudin-7 protein was significantly overexpressed in the vast majority of EOCs. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of claudin-7 in ovarian cancer cells led to significant changes in gene expression as measured by microarrays and validated by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Analyses of the genes differentially expressed revealed that the genes altered in response to claudin-7 knockdown were associated with pathways implicated in various molecular and cellular functions such as cell cycle, cellular growth and proliferation, cell death, development, and cell movement. Through functional experiments in vitro, we found that both migration and invasion were altered in cells where CLDN7 had been knocked down or overexpressed. Interestingly, claudin-7 expression was associated with a net increase in invasion, but also with a decrease in migration