1,314 research outputs found
Lubricant degradation, transport and the effect of extended oil drain intervals on piston assembly tribology
There are ever increasing demands on lubricant manufacturers to meet governmental legislation and customer needs by improving fuel economy, engine durability and exhaust system compatibility as shown by the introduction of GF4 and move towards GF5 specification oils. This has created an ever increasing need to understand how oil degrades in an engine and how this degraded oil affects piston assembly tribology. This review conference paper will give an overview of a collaborative project that has been undertaken to further enhance the understanding of how lubricant degrades in an operating engine, its transport through the engine and effect upon piston assembly tribology
Extraction and tribological investigation of top piston ring zone oil from a gasoline engine
With tightening emission regulations, increased expected fuel economy, and longer drain intervals impacting on lubricant formulation, greater understanding of how oil degrades in an automotive engine is becoming ever more important. Equally significant is the effect that this degraded lubricant has on the tribological operation of the engine, particularly its overall internal friction and component wear. In a previous paper, four tests to degrade oil in a single cylinder engine were reported [1]. These tests were set up such that the lubricating oil was degraded in the ring pack before returning to the sump, where it was sampled and chemical and rheological analysis undertaken. This paper reports the extension of this work using the same Hydra engine and describes how oil has additionally been extracted from the rear of the top piston ring during engine operation. This extracted oil has then been subjected to similar analysis as the sump oil samples in the previous tests, along with additional analysis to look at the tribological properties of the oil using tribometers. The results clearly show significant differences in the rheological, tribological, and chemical properties of the fresh oil and used sump oil samples when compared with the top ring zone (TRZ) oil samples, particularly the effect of load on the levels of volatiles present in the TRZ samples and their effect on traction and friction coefficient values during tribological testing
A long-acting GH receptor antagonist through fusion to GH binding protein.
Acromegaly is a human disease of growth hormone (GH) excess with considerable morbidity and increased mortality. Somatostatin analogues are first line medical treatment but the disease remains uncontrolled in up to 40% of patients. GH receptor (GHR) antagonist therapy is more effective but requires frequent high-dose injections. We have developed an alternative technology for generating a long acting potent GHR antagonist through translational fusion of a mutated GH linked to GH binding protein and tested three candidate molecules. All molecules had the amino acid change (G120R), creating a competitive GHR antagonist and we tested the hypothesis that an amino acid change in the GH binding domain (W104A) would increase biological activity. All were antagonists in bioassays. In rats all antagonists had terminal half-lives >20 hours. After subcutaneous administration in rabbits one variant displayed a terminal half-life of 40.5 hours. A single subcutaneous injection of the same variant in rabbits resulted in a 14% fall in IGF-I over 7 days. IN CONCLUSION: we provide proof of concept that a fusion of GHR antagonist to its binding protein generates a long acting GHR antagonist and we confirmed that introducing the W104A amino acid change in the GH binding domain enhances antagonist activity
Application of Pauli-Villars regularization and discretized light-cone quantization to a single-fermion truncation of Yukawa theory
We apply Pauli-Villars regularization and discretized light-cone quantization
to the nonperturbative solution of (3+1)-dimensional Yukawa theory in a
single-fermion truncation. Three heavy scalars, including two with negative
norm, are used to regulate the theory. The matrix eigenvalue problem is solved
for the lowest-mass state with use of a new, indefinite-metric Lanczos
algorithm. Various observables are extracted from the wave functions, including
average multiplicities and average momenta of constituents, structure
functions, and a form factor slope.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, RevTeX; published version: more extensive data
in the tables of v
A weakly stable algorithm for general Toeplitz systems
We show that a fast algorithm for the QR factorization of a Toeplitz or
Hankel matrix A is weakly stable in the sense that R^T.R is close to A^T.A.
Thus, when the algorithm is used to solve the semi-normal equations R^T.Rx =
A^Tb, we obtain a weakly stable method for the solution of a nonsingular
Toeplitz or Hankel linear system Ax = b. The algorithm also applies to the
solution of the full-rank Toeplitz or Hankel least squares problem.Comment: 17 pages. An old Technical Report with postscript added. For further
details, see http://wwwmaths.anu.edu.au/~brent/pub/pub143.htm
Wave functions and properties of massive states in three-dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory
We apply supersymmetric discrete light-cone quantization (SDLCQ) to the study
of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on R x S^1 x S^1. One of the compact
directions is chosen to be light-like and the other to be space-like. Since the
SDLCQ regularization explicitly preserves supersymmetry, this theory is totally
finite, and thus we can solve for bound-state wave functions and masses
numerically without renormalizing. We present an overview of all the massive
states of this theory, and we see that the spectrum divides into two distinct
and disjoint sectors. In one sector the SDLCQ approximation is only valid up to
intermediate coupling. There we find a well defined and well behaved set of
states, and we present a detailed analysis of these states and their
properties. In the other sector, which contains a completely different set of
states, we present a much more limited analysis for strong coupling only. We
find that, while these state have a well defined spectrum, their masses grow
with the transverse momentum cutoff. We present an overview of these states and
their properties.Comment: RevTeX, 25 pages, 16 figure
Indirect search for dark matter: prospects for GLAST
Possible indirect detection of neutralino, through its gamma-ray annihilation
product, by the forthcoming GLAST satellite from our galactic halo, M31, M87
and the dwarf galaxies Draco and Sagittarius is studied. Gamma-ray fluxes are
evaluated for the two representative energy thresholds, 0.1 GeV and 1.0 GeV, at
which the spatial resolution of GLAST varies considerably. Apart from dwarfs
which are described either by a modified Plummer profile or by a
tidally-truncated King profiles, fluxes are compared for halos with central
cusps and cores. It is demonstrated that substructures, irrespective of their
profiles, enhance the gamma-ray emission only marginally. The expected
gamma-ray intensity above 1 GeV at high galactic latitudes is consistent with
the residual emission derived from EGRET data if the density profile has a
central core and the neutralino mass is less than 50 GeV, whereas for a central
cusp only a substantial enhancement would explain the observations. From M31,
the flux can be detected above 0.1 GeV and 1.0 GeV by GLAST only if the
neutralino mass is below 300 GeV and if the density profile has a central cusp,
case in which a significant boost in the gamma-ray emission is produced by the
central black hole. For Sagittarius, the flux above 0.1 GeV is detectable by
GLAST provided the neutralino mass is below 50 GeV. From M87 and Draco the
fluxes are always below the sensitivity limit of GLAST.Comment: 14 Pages, 7 Figures, 3 Tables, version to appear on Physical Review
Microscopic theories of neutrino-^{12}C reactions
In view of the recent experiments on neutrino oscillations performed by the
LSND and KARMEN collaborations as well as of future experiments, we present new
theoretical results of the flux averaged and
cross sections. The approaches used are
charge-exchange RPA, charge-exchange RPA among quasi-particles (QRPA) and the
Shell Model. With a large-scale shell model calculation the exclusive cross
sections are in nice agreement with the experimental values for both reactions.
The inclusive cross section for coming from the decay-in-flight of
is to be compared to the experimental value
of , while the one due to
coming from the decay-at-rest of is which
agrees within experimental error bars with the measured values. The shell model
prediction for the decay-in-flight neutrino cross section is reduced compared
to the RPA one. This is mainly due to the different kind of correlations taken
into account in the calculation of the spin modes and partially due to the
shell-model configuration basis which is not large enough, as we show using
arguments based on sum-rules.Comment: 17 pages, latex, 5 figure
An enrichment method for temperature-sensitive and auxotrophic mutants of yeast
An enrichment procedure that exploits the difference in heat-sensitivity between exponentially growing and stationary phase cells has been developed for the isolation of yeast mutants. Enrichments of up to 12-fold for temperature-sensitive lethal mutants and of up to 15-fold for auxotrophs have been obtained with single cycles of selection. Still higher enrichments (to frequencies of greater than 90% and 80% for temperature-sensitive lethals and auxotrophs, respectively) have been obtained with multiple cycles of selection. The method requires no special parent strain, and seems adaptable to the selection of a wide variety of types of mutants.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47545/1/438_2004_Article_BF00274022.pd
Probing the upper end of intracontinental earthquake magnitude: a prehistoric example from the Dzhungarian and Lepsy faults of Kazakhstan
The study of surface ruptures is key to understanding the earthquake occurrence of faults especially in the absence of historical events. We present a detailed analysis of geomorphic displacements along the Dzhungarian Fault, which straddles the border of China and Kazakhstan. We use digital elevation models derived from structure-from-motion analysis of Pléiades satellite imagery and drone imagery from specific field sites to measure surface offsets. We provide direct age constraints from alluvial terraces displaced by faulting and indirect dating from morphological analysis of the scarps. We find that the southern 250 km of the fault likely ruptured in a single event in the last 4,000 years, with displacements of 10–15 m, and potentially up to 20 m at one site. We infer that this Dzhungarian rupture is likely linked with a previously identified paleo-earthquake rupture on the Lepsy Fault through a system of splays in the intervening highlands. Though there are remaining uncertainties regarding consistency in age constraints between the two fault ruptures, most of the sites along the two faults are consistent with a most recent event 2,000–4,000 years ago. Rupture on the Dzhungarian Fault alone is likely to have exceeded Mw 8, and the combined Lepsy-Dzhungarian rupture scenario may have been up to Mw 8.4. Despite being at the upper end of known or inferred continental earthquake magnitudes, our proposed scenario combining the 375 km of the Dzhungarian and Lepsy ruptures yields a slip-to-length ratio consistent with global averages and so do other historical intracontinental earthquakes in Central Asia
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