Angiotensin II and NADPH Oxidase Increase ADMA in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Asymmetric dimethylarginine inhibits nitric oxide synthase, cationic amino acid transport and endothelial function. Patients with cardiovascular risk factors often have endothelial dysfunction associated with increased plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine and markers of reactive oxygen species. We tested the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species, generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, enhance cellular asymmetric dimethylarginine. Incubation of rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells with angiotensin II doubled the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, but decreased the activities of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase by 35% and of cationic amino acid transport by 20% and doubled cellular (but not medium) asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations (p<0.01). This was blocked by tempol or candesartan. Cells stably transfected with p22(phox) had a 50% decreased protein expression and activity of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase despite increased promoter activity and mRNA. The decreased DDAH protein expression and the increased asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration in p22(phox) transfected cells were prevented by proteosomal inhibition. These cells had enhanced protein arginine methylation, a 2-fold increased expression of protein arginine methyltransferase-3 (p<0.05), and a 30% reduction in cationic amino acid transport activity (p<0.05). Asymmetric dimethylarginine was increased from 6±1 to 16±3μmol·l(−1) (p<0.005) in p22(phox) transfected cells. Thus, angiotensin II increased cellular asymmetric dimethylarginine via type 1 receptors and reactive oxygen species. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase increased cellular asymmetric dimethylarginine by increasing enzymes that generate it, enhancing the degradation of enzymes that metabolize it, and reducing its cellular transport. This could underlie increases in cellular asymmetric dimethylarginine during oxidative stress

A New Upper Limit for the Tau-Neutrino Magnetic Moment

Using a prompt neutrino beam in which a nu_tau component was identified for the first time, the nu_tau magnetic moment was measured based on a search for an anomalous increase in the number of neutrino-electron interactions. One such event was observed when 2.3 were expected from background processes, giving an upper 90% confidence limit of 3.9x10^-7 Bohr magnetons.Comment: 9 pages; 1 figur

Observation of Tau Neutrino Interactions

The DONUT experiment has analyzed 203 neutrino interactions recorded in nuclear emulsion targets. A decay search has found evidence of four tau neutrino interactions with an estimated background of 0.34 events. This number is consistent with the Standard Model expectation.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, PD

Range-wide population structure of 3 deepwater eteline snappers across the Indo-Pacific Basin

Deep-sea habitats may drive unique dispersal and demographic patterns for fishes, but population genetic analyses to address these questions have rarely been conducted for fishes in these environments. This study investigates the population structure of 3 tropical deepwater snappers of the genus Etelis that reside at 100-400 m depth, with broad and overlapping distributions in the Indo-Pacific. Previous studies showed little population structure within the Hawaiian Archipelago for 2 of these species: Etelis coruscans and E. carbunculus. Here we extend sampling to the entire geographic range of each species to resolve the population genetic architecture for these 2 species, as well as a recently exposed cryptic species (Etelis sp.). One goal was to determine whether deepwater snappers are more dispersive than shallow-water fishes. A second goal was to determine whether submesophotic fishes have older, more stable populations than shallow reef denizens that are subject to glacial sea-level fluctuations. Both goals are pertinent to the management of these valuable food fishes. A total of 1153 specimens of E. coruscans from 15 geographic regions were analyzed, along with 1064 specimens of E. carbunculus from 11 regions, and 590 specimens of E. sp. from 16 regions. The first 2 species were analyzed with mtDNA and 9-11 microsatellite loci, while E. sp. was analyzed with mtDNA only. Etelis coruscans had a non-significant microsatellite global F-ST, but significant global mtDNA Phi(ST) = 0.010 (P = 0.0007), with the isolation of Seychelles in the western Indian Ocean, and intermittent signals of isolation for the Hawaiian Archipelago. Etelis carbunculus had a non-significant microsatellite global F-ST, and significant global mtDNA Phi(ST) = 0.021 (P = 0.0001), with low but significant levels of isolation for Hawai'i, and divergence between Tonga and Fiji. Etelis sp. had mtDNA Phi(ST) = 0.018 (P = 0.0005), with a strong pattern of isolation for both Seychelles and Tonga. Overall, we observed low population structure, shallow mtDNA coalescence (similar to near-shore species), and isolation at the fringes of the Indo-Pacific basin in Hawai'i and the western Indian Ocean. While most shallow-water species have population structure on the scale of biogeographic provinces, deepwater snapper populations are structured on the wider scale of ocean basins, more similar to pelagic fishes than to shallow-water species. This population structure indicates the capacity for widespread dispersal throughout the Indo-Pacific region