Combining simulated and experimental data to simulate ultrasonic array data from defects in materials with high structural noise

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing inspections using phased arrays are performed on a wide range of components and materials. All real inspections suffer, to varying extents, from coherent noise including image artefacts and speckle caused by complex geometries and grain scatter respectively. By its nature, this noise is not reduced by averaging; however, it degrades the signal to noise ratio of defects and ultimately limits their detectability. When evaluating the effectiveness of an inspection, a large pool of data from samples containing a range of different defects is important to estimate the probability of detection of defects and to help characterise them. For a given inspection, coherent noise is easy to measure experimentally but hard to model realistically. Conversely, the ultrasonic response of defects can be simulated relatively easily. A novel method of simulating realistic array data by combining noise-free simulations of defect responses with coherent noise taken from experimental data has been developed. This technique has been shown to produce results which closely match the response, measured experimentally, of a range of defects. Using this method removes the need for costly physical samples with known defects to be made and allows for large data sets to be created easily and cheapl

An ecological survey of Reese's bog.

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/51699/1/125.pd

P3_4 Flight of the Battle Bus

This article attempts to estimate the minimum volume needed for the hot air balloon on "Fortnite’s Battle Royale Battle Bus" to fly with all its passengers. This was done by treating the air as an ideal gas and using Archimedes' principle. Our calculated estimate for the volume was 74,000 m^3

P3_5 Englands Penalty Curse

This article simulates penalty shoot outs based on the England national teams penalty record. It was found that England have an approximate 36% chance of winning a shoot out and could win a tournament just by penalty shoot outs 1 in 242 times

P3_2 The Power Of Rock

This paper calculates an approximation for the power produced when a guitar string is plucked at different frequencies and how the amplitude varies the power generated. It was calculated that a frequency of 330Hz and amplitude of 3m would produce 5W of power, which is enough to power a small amplifier

P3_8 Feats of Power

This article investigates the scene in the anime "Dragonball Z" where "Piccolo" uses an energy beam from his hand to destroy the Moon from Earth. We estimated that while charging the attack "Piccolo" gains 1.34x10^12 kg in mass just from the built up energy. The temperature of "Piccolo's" hand while firing the beam is 2.12x10^9 K

P3_3 A Penny For Your Thoughts

In this paper, we will discuss how massive the earth would have to be and how the terminal velocity of a penny would change, when dropped from the top of the Empire State Building would kill a passerby below. We found that to be true the earth would have to have a mass of 1x10^28 Kg and the penny must reach a terminal velocity of 490 ms^-