On the dependence of information display quality requirements upon human characteristics and pilot/automatics relations

Present information display concepts for pilot landing guidance are outlined considering manual control as well as substitution of man by fully competent automatics. Display improvements are achieved by compressing the distributed indicators into an accumulative display and thus reducing information scanning. Complete integration of quantitative indications, outer loop information, and real world display in a pictorial information channel geometry constitutes an interface with human ability to differentiate and integrate for optimal manual control of the aircraft

Should WTO dispute settlement be subsidized?

This paper develops a model of the WTO dispute settlement process (DSP) to study the recent proposal by legal scholars to subsidize litigation costs. The high cost of litigation, so the argument, is a major obstacle for developing countries to using the DSP to enforce developed countries? compliance with WTO rules. The paper shows that this proposal may be misguided. In particular, a reduction of litigation costs may lead large countries to impose larger trade impediments where before they may have raised barriers only a little. Thus, a cost reduction may even weaken the smaller countries? position in the DSP. Moreover, the model sheds light on the structure of the dark figure of un-accused offenses, suggesting that the observed record of disputes notified to the WTO is systematically biased. --Developing Countries,Dispute Settlement,GATT/WTO,Tariff Retaliation,Trade Disputes

Bio-Obst und Gemüse gewinnen Käufer

Bio-Obst und -Gemüse sind weiter auf Wachstumskurs. 2007 haben die Privathaushalte in Deutschland 10,3 Prozent mehr Frischobst und 7,8 Prozent mehr Frischgemüse als im Vorjahr eingekauft. Der Bio-Anteil an den nachgefragten Mengen beträgt bei Frischobst mittlerweile 3,9 Prozent, bei Frischgemüse 4,8 Prozent. Die Käuferbasis wächst dabei kontinuierlich. 2004 lag die Zahl der Haushalte, die zumindest einmal im Jahr Bio-Obst oder -Gemüse kaufen, noch unter 50 Prozent (46,9 %). 2007 zählten sich bereits gut zwei Drittel zu den Käufern von Bio-Obst oder -Gemüse, die Käuferschicht ist seit 2004 also um knapp die Hälfte gestiegen. Auch die Intensität der Biokäufe und die Loyalität zu Bioprodukten steigen langsam, aber stetig an. 2004 griffen die Haushalte im Schnitt bei fünf, 2007 bei acht Einkäufen zu Bio-Obst oder -Gemüse. Diejenigen, die Bio kaufen, haben damit 2007 durchschnittlich sechs Prozent ihres Obst- und Gemüsebedarfes gedeckt, 2004 waren es vier Prozent

Improvements in pilot/aircraft-integration by advanced contact analog displays

Several expert statements selected from literature and concerning the qualities of modern information displays lead to the definition of a number of requirements which should be covered by the displays of the future. It is shown that abstract displays principally cannot fulfill all these demands and that simply superimposing abstract symbols with the natural view of the outside world or with it's artificial equivalent will not result in an optimum solution. Some test results are shown for confirmation of the concept; special and general problems are touched

Secondary flow in contour currents controls the formation of moat-drift contourite systems

Ocean currents control seafloor morphology and the transport of sediments, organic carbon, nutrients, and pollutants in deep-water environments. A better connection between sedimentary deposits formed by bottom currents (contourites) and hydrodynamics is necessary to improve reconstructions of paleocurrent and sediment transport pathways. Here we use physical modeling in a three-dimensional flume tank to analyse the morphology and hydrodynamics of a self-emerging contourite system. The sedimentary features that developed on a flat surface parallel to a slope are an elongated depression (moat) and an associated sediment accumulation (drift). The moat-drift system can only form in the presence of a secondary flow near the seafloor that transports sediment from the slope toward the drift. The secondary flow increases with higher speeds and steeper slopes, leading to steeper adjacent drifts. This study shows how bottom currents shape the morphology of the moat-drift system and highlights their potential to estimate paleo-ocean current strength.Projekt DEALBremenIDEA University of Breme

High performance peel grinding of steel shafts using coarse electroplated CBN grinding wheels

Grinding is widely known for its low material removal rates and high surface quality. However, recent developments in production processes for cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive grains have led to commercially available grain sizes larger than 300 µm. These superabrasive CBN-grains allow higher material removal rates during grinding of hardened steel components. Currently, these components are pre-machined with turning processes before hardening and finishing the work piece by grinding. However, the turning process can be eliminated by grinding with coarse CBN-grains since higher depths of cut are achievable when machining hardened components. This paper explores the limits of grinding wheels using grains with a size of B602 during soft and hard machining in comparison to conventional B252 grains. It is shown that the use of coarser grains leads to lower process forces, higher (tensile) residual stress and higher surface roughness. Residual stress and surface roughness are of less importance as these grains are to be used mainly in roughing operations with ensuing finishing operations for the required surface properties. Over all investigations, especially in hard machining, neither grain nor tool wear was observed for the B602 grains, whereas the B252 tool was severely clogged during the experiments. Additionally, the grinding force ratio indicates that the coarse grain tools have not yet reached their productivity limit as it increases over all investigated feeds. This indicates improving tool performance with lower amounts of rubbing for increasing feed rate during hard grinding and shows the potential for the industrial use of higher feed rates with larger grains