Rectangular Array Model Supporting Students' Spatial Structuring in Learning Multiplication

We examine how rectangular array model can support students' spatial structuring in learning multiplication. To begin, we define what we mean by spatial structuring as the mental operation of constructing an organization or form for an object or set of objects. For that reason, the eggs problem was chosen as the starting point in which the students could recognize such an arrangement. Geoboard was also be used as a tool to visualize the array. This research focused on a design research that was conducted in Surya Institute Program (SIP) in which investigated 12 Papuan students (between 10 and 11 years old) in connecting rectangular array model with the idea of multiplication. The result showed that rectangular array model indeed support the students to count things more efficient, able to see the structural similarities of arrays and created spatial structures for sets of objects

Rectangular Array Model Supporting Students' Spatial Structuring in Learning Multiplication

We examine how rectangular array model can support students' spatial structuring in learning multiplication. To begin, we define what we mean by spatial structuring as the mental operation of constructing an organization or form for an object or set of objects. For that reason, the eggs problem was chosen as the starting point in which the students could recognize such an arrangement. Geoboard was also be used as a tool to visualize the array. This research focused on a design research that was conducted in Surya Institute Program (SIP) in which investigated 12 Papuan students (between 10 and 11 years old) in connecting rectangular array model with the idea of multiplication. The result showed that rectangular array model indeed support the students to count things more efficient, able to see the structural similarities of arrays and created spatial structures for sets of objects

Factors Associated with Occupational Stress among Workers in The Production Department

Background: Occupational stress is one of the major health hazards of the modern workplace. Occupational stress and stressful working conditions have been linked to low productivity, absenteeism, and increased rates of accidents on and off the job. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with occupational stress among workers in the production department of a plant in Jakarta. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at the production department of a plant, Jakarta. A sample of 72 workers was selected for this study. The dependent variable was occupational stress. The independent variables were noise, self-esteem, interpersonal conflict, uncertainty, job opportunity, physical burden, mental workload, and supervisor support. Occupational stress was measured by NIOSH generic job stress questionnaire. Noise was measured by sound level meter (Noise Pro Quest Model DLX). The other data was collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic reg¬ression. Results: Occupational stress increased with low self-esteem (OR=6.43; 95% CI= 1.30 to 31.83), strong interpersonal conflict (OR= 2.03; 95% CI= 0.49 to 8.45), job uncertainty (OR= 1.30; 95% CI= 0.27 to 6.20), lack of job opportunity (OR= 6.65; 95% CI= 1.40 to 31.59), strong physical burden (OR= 9.64; 95% CI=1.96 to 47.46), high mental workload (OR= 12.82; 95% CI=2.21 to 74.32), and weak supervisor support (OR= 8.89; 95% CI= 1.7 to 42.22). Occupational stress decreased with low noise (OR=0.17; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.77). Conclusion: Occupational stress increases with low self-esteem, strong inter-personal conflict, uncertainty, lack of job opportunity, strong physical burden, high mental workload, and weak supervisor support. It decreases with low noise. Keywords: occupational stress, risk factor, worke

Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Naoh Pada Proses Penghilangan Lemak Terhadap Kualitas Gelatin Tulang Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus)

Gelatin merupakan salah satu bahan yang semakin luas penggunaannya, baik untuk produk pangan maupun produk non pangan. Tulang ikan merupakan salah satu limbah industri fillet ikan beku. Tulang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan gelatin, karena tulang mengandung kolagen. Natrium hidroksida (NaOH) diketahui dapat mengikis minyak dan lemak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman larutan NaOH terhadap kualitas gelatin ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) serta untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dan lama perendaman terbaik larutan NaOH yang ditambahkan pada proses degreasing pembuatan gelatin ikan nila. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian pendahuluan adalah dengan cara pembuatan gelatin tulang ikan nila menggunakan konsentrasi NaOH 0,2 %, 0,4 % dan 0,6 % lama perendaman 3 hari. Hasil dari penelitian pendahuluan didapatkan konsentrasi terbaik 0,6 % melalui pengujian kadar lemak dan kekuatan gel. Penelitian utama menggunakan konsentrasi 0,6% lama perendaman 0 hari, 2 hari, 3 hari dan 4 hari. Analisis data menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan aplikasi SPSS 17.0. Uji lanjut menggunakan metode Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ). Hasil terbaik yang didapatkan dalam penelitian ini adalah gelatin dengan perendaman NaOH konsentrasi 0,6 % dengan lama perendaman 4 hari, dengan kriteria mutu: kadar lemak 0,64 %; kekuatan gel 86,47 bloom; viskositas 12,17 cP; kadar protein 84,37 %; dan derajat putih 79,93 %. Gelatin is one of ingredients that is widely used, both for food product and non-food products. Fish bone is one of the waste frozen from fish fillets industry. Bones can be used as a raw material for producting gelatin, because it contains collagen. Natrium hydroxide (NaOH) is able to remove oils and fats. The purpose of this study was to knowing the effects of NaOH solution soaking time to the quality of gelatin from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and to knowing the best concentration and soaking time of NaOH solution in degreasing process. The method used in the preliminary study was a way of making gelatin from tilapia bone using different NaOH concentrations namely 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% soaking time during 3 days. The results of the preliminary study showed that the best concentration was 0.6%. The main research using 0.6% of NaOH with different soaking times i.e. 0 days, 2 days, 3 days and 4 days. The data analysis using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with SPSS 17.0. Application than it was analyzed with Honestly Significant Difference Test (HSDT). The best results of this study was gelatin with soaking of 6% NaOH for 4 days, with quality criteria: the fat content (0.64%); gel strength (86.47 bloom); viscosity (12.17 cP); protein content (84.37%); and whiteness (79.93%)

Detection of HBV-DNA and Its Correlation with the HBeAg/Anti-HBe Serological Status in HBsAg-positive Patients

Background: In the past years, HBeAg and anti-HBe status in individuals with positive HBsAg were often correlated to viral replication. This study was aimed to find correlation between the HBV viremia and HBeAg/anti-HBe serological status in HBsAg-positive individuals. Method: An observational-analytic design was performed in this study. The sera of all positive HBsAg patients at Biomedika Hospital Laboratory were collected and examined for HBeAg and anti-HBe using immunochromatography technique between January and April 2012. The sampling method was purposive sampling. Afterwards, the sera were examined for HBV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Sufficient amount of sera were collected from 44 patients consisting of 33 males and 11 females. The mean age was 15-68 years. Positive HBeAg and negative anti-HBe status was found in 11 (42%) patients. Negative HBeAg and positive anti-HBe was found in 26 (59.1%) patients. Both HBeAg and anti-HBe were negative in 7 (16.3%) patients. HBV-DNA was detected in all 11 (100%) patients with positive HBeAg and negative anti-HBe. HBV-DNA was also detected in 11 (42%) patients with negative HBeAg and positive anti-HBe. However, there was only one patient (14.3%) with both negative HBeAg and anti-HBe status, who had detectable HBV-DNA. Conclusion: Positive HBeAg can be used as an indicator of viremia, but negative HBeAg cannot be used as an indicator of the absence of viremia without further HBV-DNA testing. Patients with negative HBeAg and positive HBV-DNA were suspected for having pre-core mutant

Gold Nanoparticles Generated in Ethosome Bilayers, As Revealed by Cryo-Electron-Tomography

Gold nanoparticles have been synthesized inside ethosomes, vesicles composed of phospholipid, ethanol and water, which could be very efficient not only in delivery probes to the skin but also as diagnostic and therapeutic multimodal agents. High efficiency encapsulation of gold nanoparticles is achieved by a simple strategy: the nanoparticles synthesis occurs simultaneously with the ethosomes formation, in the absence of any undesirable reducing agents. A three-dimensional reconstruction of a gold-embedded ethosome generated by cryoelectron tomography reveals that the gold particle is localized inside the lipid bilayer, leaving the ethosome surface and core free for further functionalization. The resulting gold nanoparticles are homogeneous in size and shape and, depending on synthesis temperature, the size ranges from 10 to 20 nm, as revealed by TEM. The ethosome-nanoparticles hybrids size has been investigated by means of dynamic light scattering and has been found to vary with temperature and gold salt concentration from 700 to 400 nm. Gold nanoparticles encapsulated ethosomes offer a versatile platform for the enhancement of pharmacological efficacy in transdermal and dermal delivery systems.Comment: 2 videos of the cryo-electron tomographic reconstruction in Supporting Informatio

AMD, an Automated Motif Discovery Tool Using Stepwise Refinement of Gapped Consensuses

Motif discovery is essential for deciphering regulatory codes from high throughput genomic data, such as those from ChIP-chip/seq experiments. However, there remains a lack of effective and efficient methods for the identification of long and gapped motifs in many relevant tools reported to date. We describe here an automated tool that allows for de novo discovery of transcription factor binding sites, regardless of whether the motifs are long or short, gapped or contiguous