The 2011 submarine volcanic eruption in El Hierro (Canary Islands)

Forty years after the Teneguía Volcano (La Palma, 1971), a submarine eruption took place off the town of La Restinga, south of El Hierro, the smallest and youngest island of the Canarian Archipelago. Precursors allowed an early detection of the event and its approximate location, suggesting it was submarine. Uncertainties derived from insufficient scientific information available to the authorities during the eruption, leading to disproportionate civil protection measures, which had an impact on the island's economy-based primarily on tourism-while residents experienced extra fear and distress. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, The Geologists' Association & The Geological Society of London.Peer Reviewe

The 2011 submarine volcanic eruption in El Hierro (Canary Islands)

Forty years after the Teneguía Volcano (La Palma, 1971), a submarine eruption took place off the town of La Restinga, south of El Hierro, the smallest and youngest island of the Canarian Archipelago. Precursors allowed an early detection of the event and its approximate location, suggesting it was submarine. Uncertainties derived from insufficient scientific information available to the authorities during the eruption, leading to disproportionate civil protection measures, which had an impact on the island's economy-based primarily on tourism-while residents experienced extra fear and distress. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, The Geologists' Association & The Geological Society of London.Peer Reviewe

The ongoing volcanic eruption of El Hierro, Canary Islands

El Hierro, the youngest of the Canary Islands (Spain), is no stranger to hazards associated with volcanic activity or to efforts to minimize the effects of these hazards on local communities. As early as 1793, administrative records of El Hierro indicate that a swarm of earthquakes was felt by locals; fearing a greater volcanic catastrophe, the first evacuation plan of an entire island in the history of the Canaries was prepared. The 1793 eruption was probably submarine with no appreciable consequences other than that the earthquakes were felt [Carracedo, 2008]; over the next roughly 215 years the island was seismically quiet. Yet seismic and volcanic activity are expected on this youngest Canary Island due to its being directly above the presumed location of the Canary Island hot spot, a mantle plume that feeds upwelling magma just under the surface, similar to the Hawaiian Islands. Because of this known geologic activity, the Spanish Instituto Geogrfco Nacional (IGN) has managed geophysical monitoring of the island since the beginning of the 1990s.Peer Reviewe

Magmatic differentiation and bimodality in oceanic island settings - implications for the petrogenesis of magma in Tenerife, Spain

THESIS 9028The Tenerife post-Icod-collapse succession, comprised of the Teide-Pico Viejo central complex and its adjacent rift zones, marks the latest eruptive cycle on Tenerife (200-0 ka) that broadly evolved from primitive lavas to differentiated and partly explosive volcanism. At the same time, primitive lavas continued to erupt from dyke complexes in the rift zones, while intermediate lavas effused in the geographical transition from rift zone to central complex. To constrain the magmatic processes, that gave rise to the observed temporal and spatial patterns, several types of geochemical analyses of these rocks were applied and results embedded into a detailed, pre-existing framework of radiometric ages and whole-rock data. A case study of the composite lava flow of Montana Reventada allowed to investigate magma mixing as one potential mechanism to generate intermediate magma on Tenerife. The two end-members were a basanite and a phonolite, which erupted one after another, the basanite before the phonolite. The phonolite carries a considerable amount of mafic enclaves. Based on field evidence, the magma mixing event was constrained to a short interval before the eruption. A detailed geochemical dataset was used to confirm the mixed nature of the inclusions and to determine mixing ratios. Not all elements and oxides could be modelled, which is explained by observed crystal exchange between basanite and phonolite and by interdiffusion of trace elements between enclaves and phonolite. It thus appears that intermediate magma may form by magma mixing on Tenerife

Constrained PET Composition for Measuring Enforced Privacy

Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) are well-defined, domain-specific means to preserve information privacy in computerized systems, i.e., by protecting Personally Identifiable Information (PII). We believe that increasing privacy awareness and governance will lead to wider adoption of PETs in service infrastructures. To support that, a better understanding of privacy-enhanced services composed out of multiple PETs is necessary. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no general domain-independent and formal PET model and research about their composition is missing. The work at hand presents a formal, set-based and domain-independent taxonomy model for PETs, along with an algebra for constrained composition of PETs. The measurement of enforced privacy in service infrastructures with deployed PETs is one of many use cases for such a PET algebra and is demonstrated subsequently in a scenario with two exemplary privacy-enhanced services

End-2-End Privacy Architecture for IoT

We present an IoT privacy architecture covering End-2-End data handling at devices, connections and in the cloud. The system is driven by privacy policies negotiated between service providers and consumers

Towards Secure Electronic Workflows

Abstract. Despite the introduction of information technologies in governmental administrations, most bureaucratic processes are still paperbased. In this paper we present a framework to transfer conventional, paper-based processes to electronic workflows. Thereby, the transformation to e-Government applications has two challenges. First, to find an equivalent description for the single activities and their interaction for defining the entire process. Second, to ensure the security of the process. We identified four types of activities that can be used as basic components for the workflows considered in our work. The security aspects of the electronic representation are ensured by further framework components, for example authentication or authorization. Finally, we present how this framework can be used for other scenarios and discuss some details of our prototype implementation