La motivation des décisions administratives en droit comparé

Wiener Céline. La motivation des décisions administratives en droit comparé. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 21 N°4, Octobre-décembre 1969. pp. 779-795

Administration et politique en Grande-Bretagne, en Italie et en République fédérale d'Allemagne

ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS IN GREAT BRITAIN, ITALY AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, by GERARD TIMSIT AND CELINE WIENER Political power and administration : the juxtaposition of these terms used formerly to suggest a preestablished understanding involving the subordination of the latter. While nowadays it does not always imply conflict, it certainly suggests a struggle for influence between two associated but rival partners. In Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany, the myth of an administration which is both subordinate and separated from political power is still widely believed, but is disproved by facts. In Great Britain and Germany in fact, just as in Italy, bureaucracy is invading politics while the administration is being politicized. [Revue française de science politique XXX (3), juin 1980, pp. 506-532.]ADMINISTRATION ET POLITIQUE EN GRANDE-BRETAGNE, EN ITALIE ET EN RÉPUBLIQUE FÉDÉRALE D'ALLEMAGNE, par GÉRARD TIMSIT ET CÉLINE WIENER Pouvoir politique et administration : le rapprochement de ces termes évoquait naguère une entente préétablie faite de la subordination de l'une à l'autre. Il suggère aujourd'hui sinon toujours un conflit, du moins une lutte d'influence entre deux partenaires associés mais rivaux. En Grande-Bretagne et en République fédérale d'Allemagne, le mythe d'une administration à la fois subordonnée et séparée du pouvoir politique reste actif. Il est cependant battu en brèche dans les faits. Tout comme en Italie, en effet, on doit constater en Grande-Bretagne et en Allemagne à la fois une fonctionnarisation de la politique et une politisation de l'administration. [Revue française de science politique XXX (3), juin 1980, pp. 506-532.]Timsit Gérard, Wiener Céline. Administration et politique en Grande-Bretagne, en Italie et en République fédérale d'Allemagne. In: Revue française de science politique, 30ᵉ année, n°3, 1980. pp. 506-532

Chapitre II. — La vie des institutions régionales et locales à l'étranger

Legrand André, Lesage Michel, Wiener Céline. Chapitre II. — La vie des institutions régionales et locales à l'étranger. In: Annuaire des collectivités locales. Tome 1, 1981. pp. 51-90

Distributed cell assemblies spanning prefrontal cortex and striatum

International audienceHighly synchronous neuronal assembly activity is deemed essential for cognitive brain function. In theory,such synchrony could coordinate multiple brain areas performing complementary processes. However,cell assemblies have been observed only in single structures, typically cortical areas, and little is known abouttheir synchrony with downstream subcortical structures, such as the striatum. Here, we demonstrate distributedcell assemblies activated at high synchrony (10 ms) spanning prefrontal cortex and striatum. In additionto including neurons at different brain hierarchical levels, surprisingly, they synchronized functionallydistinct limbic and associative sub-regions. These assembly activations occurred when members shiftedtheir firing phase relative to ongoing 4 Hz and theta rhythms, in association with high gamma oscillations.This suggests that these rhythms could mediate the emergence of cross-structural assemblies. To test forthe role of assemblies in behavior, we trained the rats to perform a task requiring cognitive flexibility, alternatingbetween two different rules in a T-maze. Overall, assembly activations were correlated with task-relevantparameters, including impending choice, reward, rule, or rule order. Moreover, these behavioral correlateswere more robustly expressed by assemblies than by their individual member neurons. Finally, to verifywhether assemblies can be endogenously generated, we found that they were indeed spontaneously reactivatedduring sleep and quiet immobility. Thus, cell assemblies are a more general coding mechanism thanpreviously envisioned, linking distributed neocortical and subcortical areas at high synchrony

Flexible communication between cell assemblies and ‘reader’ neurons

Cell assemblies are considered fundamental units of brain activity, underlying diverse functions ranging from perception to memory and decision-making. Cell assemblies have historically been conceived of as internal representations of specific stimuli or actions. Alternatively, cell assemblies can be endogenously defined by their ability to effectively elicit specific responses in downstream (‘reader’) neurons. Yet, whether cell assemblies are selectively detected by downstream neurons remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence for such assembly–reader communication. Reader activation was genuinely collective, functionally selective, yet flexible, implementing both pattern separation and completion. These processes occurred at the time scale of membrane integration, synaptic plasticity and gamma oscillations. Finally, assembly–reader couplings were selectively modified upon learning, indicating that they were plastic and reflected behaviorally relevant variables. These results support cell assemblies as an endogenous mechanism for brain function

Post mortem computed tomography and core needle biopsy in comparison to autopsy in eleven bernese mountain Dogs with histiocytic sarcoma

Background: Bernese mountain dogs are reported to have a shorter life expectancy than other breeds. A Major reason for this has been assigned to a high tumour prevalence, especially of histiocytic sarcoma. The efforts made by the breeding clubs to improve the longevity with the help of genetic tests and breeding value estimations are impeded by insufficiently reliable diagnoses regarding the cause of death. The current standard for post mortem examination in animals is performance of an autopsy. In human forensic medicine, imaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are used with increasing frequency as a complement to autopsy. The present study investigates, whether post mortem computed tomography in combination with core needle biopsy is able to provide a definitive diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma. For this purpose we have analysed the results of post mortem computed tomography and core needle biopsy in eleven Bernese mountain dogs. In the subsequent autopsy, every dog had a definitive diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma, based on immunohistochemistry. Results: Computed tomography revealed space-occupying lesions in all dogs. Lesion detection by post mortem computed tomography was similar to lesion detection in autopsy for lung tissue (9 cases in computed tomography / 8 cases in autopsy), thoracic lymph nodes (9/8), spleen (6/7), kidney (2/2) and bone (3/3). Hepatic nodules, however, were difficult to detect with our scanning protocol (2/7). Histology of the core needle biopsies provided definitive diagnoses of histiocytic sarcoma in ten dogs, including confirmation by immunohistochemistry in six dogs. The biopsy samples of the remaining dog did not contain any identifiable neoplastic cells. Autolysis was the main reason for uncertain histological diagnoses. Conclusions: Post mortem computed tomography is a fast and effective method for the detection of lesions suspicious for histiocytic sarcoma in pulmonary, thoracic lymphatic, splenic, osseous and renal tissue. Optimization of the procedure regarding the scanning protocol and tissue sample size and number will improve the accuracy of the method. Keywords: Post mortem computed tomography, Core needle biopsy, Bernese mountain dog, Histiocytic sarcoma, Autops

Gérer les carrières ?

International audienceSommaire du dossier : Introduction : Gérer les carrières des cadres de la fonction publique. 1) Les réformes en débat : - Modèles de gestion des compétences en Europe - De la réforme des classifications à une logique de compétence à La Poste - Les emplois de direction dans les collectivités territoriales : la capacité d'adaptation, vertu première - De la gestion prévisionnelle des effectifs, des emplois et des compétences (GPEEC) aux cadres statutaires : la progressive émergence de la notion de "métier" dans la fonction publique d'Etat en France - Stratégies et pratiques de développement des compétences des cadres dans les organisations publiques. 2) Parcours de carrière des cadres et pratiques de gestion : - Les carrières des directeurs d'hôpital - Le droit à la carrière des officiers de la marine - L'espace des carrières des ingénieurs de l'équipement dans le public et le privé (1800-2000) - L'accès des femmes aux emplois supérieurs dans la fonction publique : avancées et résistances : l'exemple du ministère de l'équipement - Un exemple de réforme réussie : le statut des chefs d'établissement de l'enseignement secondaire - Les marges de manoeuvre de la gestion des carrières des personnels d'encadrement de la fonction publique d'Etat. L'enjeu des commissions administratives paritaires. 3) Etudes : La reconfiguration de l'administration centrale