Metode Isolasi Pyricularia Oryzae Penyebab Penyakit Blas Padi

Isolation method of Pyricularia oryzae the causal agent of rice blast disease. Rice blast disease is a disease that reduces rice productivity and threatens global food reserves. The study of diversity and distribution of race fungal causing rice blast disease required a fungal isolates collection from different places and times. One of the challenges in collecting these fungi is the difficulty of isolation process. The purpose of this research was to study the proper isolation method of rice blast pathogen. The most appropriate isolation method of Pyricularia oryzae was to moisten the infected panicle, place on moist filter paper in a petri dish, and incubate plate for 2 days at room temperature under fluorescent lamp. Afterward, conidium was picked using sterile needle and transfered to potato dextrose agar without lactic acid

Penyakit-Penyakit Penting Buah Naga di Tiga Sentra Pertanaman di Jawa Tengah

The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of some dragon fruit disease emerging in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) and Central Java. Samples were taken from the dragon fruit plantation from the district of Sleman and Kulonprogo, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta as well as Magelang, Province of Central Java. Isolation of pathogen from symptomatic plant tissue was performed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungi and Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacteria and continued with Koch\u27s postulates testing. The results of field observation showed that the disease commonly occured in all 3 plantations of dragon fruit were stem rot caused by Erwinia sp. and scab caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. Other miscellaneous diseases found among the plantations were brown spot (Fusarium sp.), anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.), mosaic that might be caused by Cactus Virus X, root knotnematode (Meloidogyne sp.), black rot and red spot which were still unidentified.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyakit-penyait penting pada tanaman buah naga yang ditanam pada sentra pertanaman buah naga di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) dan Jawa Tengah, serta untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab penyakit penting tersebut. Sampel tanaman buah naga diambil dari pertanaman buah naga di Kabupaten Sleman dan Kulon Progo untuk Provinsi DIY serta Magelang untuk Propinsi Jawa Tengah. Isolasi patogen dari jaringan tanaman bergejala dilakukan pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) untuk jamur dan Nutrient Agar (NA) untuk bakteri serta dilanjutkan dengan uji Postulat Koch. Hasil pengamatan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa penyakit yang umum terdapat di 3 lokasi pertanaman buah naga tersebut adalah busuk batang yang disebabkan oleh Erwinia sp. dan kudis yang disebabkan oleh Pestalotiopsis sp. Adapun penyakit-penyakit lain yang dijumpai antara lain bercak coklat (Fusarium sp.), antraknosa (Colletotrichum sp.), mosaik yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh Cactus Virus X, puru akar (Meloidogyne sp.), serta busuk hitam dan bercak merah yang belum teridentifikasi penyebabnya

Pengaruh Stomata dan Klorofil pada Ketahanan Beberapa Varietas Jagung terhadap Penyakit Bulai

Resistant varieties are more advisable for controlling maize downy mildew compared with fungicides which is not effective and not environmentally friendly. This study is aimed to determine resistance of some varieties of maize against downy mildew. The maize varieties used were BS 0114, BS 0214, BS 0314, PAC 105, Sweet Corn and BISI 2. The parameters measured were disease incidence and intensity, chlorophyll content of leaves, stomatal density and plants dry weight. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results indicated that PAC 105, BS 0214 and BS 0314 were resistant varieties, while BS 0114, Sweet Corn and BISI 2 were susceptible. PAC 105 variety has the lowest stomatal density (65.353/mm2), and Sweet Corn variety has the highest stomatal density (110.79/mm2). Stomatal density was positively correlated with the disease intensity. Higher disease intensity has lower chlorophyll content compared with the lower intensity. PAC 105 variety has the highest chlorophyll content and plant dry weight, while Sweet Corn variety has the lowest chlorophyll content and plant dry weight. INTISARI Penggunaan varietas tahan bulai lebih dianjurkan digunakan dalam pengendalian penyakit bulai pada jagung dibandingkan dengan penggunaan fungisida karena tidak efektif dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketahanan beberapa varietas jagung terhadap penyakit bulai. Varietas yang digunakan meliputi BS 0114, BS 0214, BS 0314, PAC 105, jagung manis, dan BISI 2. Parameter yang diamati adalah insidensi dan intensitas penyakit, kandungan klorofil setelah inokulasi, kerapatan stomata dan berat kering tanaman. Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan analisis varians (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut dengan Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil penelitian rumah kaca menunjukkan bahwa varietas PAC 105, BS 0214 dan BS 0314 merupakan varietas tahan, sedangkan varietas BS 0114, jagung manis dan BISI 2 merupakan varietas yang rentan. Varietas tahan PAC 105 memiliki kerapatan stomata paling rendah yaitu 65,353/mm2, dan kerapatan stomata paling tinggi dimiliki oleh varietas rentan yaitu jagung manis dengan kerapatan 110,79/mm2. Kerapatan stomata berkorelasi positif dengan intensitas penyakit dengan koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0,72526. Semakin rendah intensitas penyakit bulai kandungan klorofil dan berat kering yang semakin tinggi. Varietas PAC 105 yang mempunyai intensitas penyakit paling rendah , mempunyai kandungan klorofil dan berat kering tertinggi, sedangkan varietas jagung manis mempunyai kandungan klorofil dan berat kering terendah

Pengaruh Perlakuan Uap Air Panas dengan Sistem Pemanasan Terbuka terhadap Kesehatan dan Viabilitas Benih Jagung

The existence of seed-borne fungi could degrade the seed quality in its viability and may cause disease after planting. The aim of this research was to know the hot vapor treatment effectiveness in controlling that fungal disease and its influence to the viability of corn seed. The treatment effectiveness was measured based on the reduction of the fungal growth and sporulation on Potato DextroseAgar (PDA), the fungal infection on seed, and not reduced the seed viability significantly after treatment. Hot vapor treatment was done in 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C temperature for 20 minutes and a control. The temperature treatments cover 5 minutes of antecedent treatment in the form of appliance warm-up until the target temperature obtained, 10 minutes in the treatment drum and 5 minutes for resting time while the faucet is being shut down but the exhaust fan remain to be opened. Result of the research show that in vitro test of hot water vapor on 60oC and 70oC killed Aspergillus flavus, A. Niger, Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp. isolates. Both of the temperatures reduced the corn seed viability significantly. Infection of A. flavus still dominant in corn seed after treated on the three temperatures.The hot vapor treatment with 50oC is good for seed treatment of 408.9 g corn seed although the seed had been stored for about 9 months. Adanya jamur terbawa benih dapat menurunkan viabilitas dan kemungkinan dapat menimbulkan penyakit setelah benih ditanam di lapangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan perlakuan uap air panas untuk mengendalikan jamur terbawa benih dan pengaruhnya terhadap viabilitas benih jagung. Keefektifan perlakuan diukur berdasarkan kekuatan mereduksi pertumbuhan koloni dan sporulasi jamur yang ditumbuhkan pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), tingkat infeksi jamur pada biji dan tidak menurunkan viabilitas biji. Perlakuan ini menggunakan suhu 50o C, 60o C, dan 70o C selama 20 menit serta tanpa perlakuan sebagai kontrol. Lama perlakuan meliputi 5 menit perlakuan pendahuluan berupa pemanasan awal sampai suhu yang diinginkan, 10 menit untuk pemanasan drum perlakuan, dan 5 menit waktu istirahat yaitu kran uap air dimatikan tetapi kipas exhaust tetap dihidupkan. Hasil penelitian in vitro menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan uap air panas bersuhu 60o C dan 70o C mematikan isolat Aspergillus flavus, A. Niger, Fusarium sp. dan Penicillium sp. Kedua suhu tersebut menurunkan viabilitas benih jagung secara nyata. Infeksi A. flavus masih dominan dalam benih jagung walaupun telah diperlakukan dengan ketiga macam suhu uap air panas. Perlakuan uap air panas bersuhu 50o C pada benih jagung sebanyak 408,9 g dapat dipilih sebagai perlakuan yang baik untuk benih jagung walaupun telah disimpan sekitar 9 bula

Uji Efektivitas Pestisida terhadap Beberapa Patogen Penyebab Penyakit Penting pada Buah Naga (Hylocereus SP.) secara In Vitro

Problem caused by pathogen in Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus sp.) cultivation became very important because it decreased significantly the quantity and quality of the fruit production. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of some pesticides against pathogens that cause diseases of dragon fruit in several plantations in the DIY (Sleman and Kulon Progo) and Central Java (Magelang and Batang). Test of fungicide effectiveness was done in vitro on PDA medium (potato dextrose agar) by poisoned food technique. The fungicides were mancozeb 80 %, methyl tiofanat 70 %, copper hydroxide 80 %, chlorotalonil 75 %, mancozeb 64 % + metalaxyl 4 %, mancozeb karbendazim 73.8 % + 6.8 %,benomyl 50 % at a concentration of 1g/L. The bactericides used were streptomycin sulfate 20 % and oxytetracycline 150 AL with each concentration of 1 g/L and 1 mL /L. The results showed that benomyl 50 % was the most effective fungicide to suppress the growth of Fusarium sp. (brown spot), Colletotrichum sp. (anthracnose) and Pestalotiopsis sp. (scab), followed by mancozeb 73.8 % +karbendazim 6.8 % and 73.8 % mancozeb. Bactericide which was able to suppress the growth of Erwinia sp. (stem rot) was streptomycin sulfate 20 %. Gangguan patogen pada buah naga (Hylocereus sp.) saat ini menjadi masalah penting karena secara signifikan menurunkan kuantitas dan kualitas hasil panen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektivan beberapa pestisida terhadap patogen penyebab penyakit-penyakit penting pada tanaman buah naga yang ditanaman pada beberapa sentra pertanaman di Propinsi DIY (Sleman dan Kulon Progo) dan Jawa Tengah (Magelang dan Batang). Uji keefektivan pestisida dilakukan secara in vitro pada medium PDA (potato dextrose agar) dengan metode teknik makanan beracun (poisoned food technique). Fungisida yang dipergunakan adalah mankozeb 80%, tiofanat metil 70%, tembaga hidroksida 80%, klorotalonil 75%, mankozeb 64% + metalaksil 4%, mankozeb 73,8% + karbendazim 6,8%, benomil 50% dengan konsentrasi 1g/L, sedangkan bakterisida yang dipergunakan adalah streptomisin sulfat 20% dan oksitetrasiklin 150 AL dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 1 g/L dan 1 mL/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari enam jenis fungisida yang dipergunakan, benomil 50% merupakan fungisida yang paling efektif untuk menekan pertumbuhan Fusarium sp. (bercak cokelat), Colletotrichum sp. (antraknos), dan Pestalotiopsis sp. (kudis), diikuti oleh mankozeb 73,8% + karbendazim 6,8% serta mankozeb 73,8%. Untuk fungisida yang lain, efektifitasnya tidak terlalu tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol. Bakterisida yang mampu menekan perkembangan Erwinia sp. (busuk batang) adalah streptomisin sulfat 20%

Intensitas Cemaran Jamur pada Biji Jagung Pakan Ternak Selama Periode Penyimpanan

This research aimed to know the intensity of fungal contamination in maize grain cattle-feed during storage. Five kilogram of grain sample were collected from Klaten, Sleman, and Muntilan, then stored at CV. Ragil Jaya's warehouse for two months. Every two weeks the water content were measured and the grain were tested using PDA and blotter methods. Incubation during isolation process were conducted for seven days at 12 hour darkness and 12 hour light. Results showed that dominant fungal contamination from Klaten, Sleman, and Muntilan wasAspergillus sp. As2 isolate with contamination intensity as much as 89% (blotter), 73% (PDA), and 44% (blotter). The results also showed that factors which influenced the intensity of fungal contamination in cattle-feed maize is the grain condition before storage such as broken grain, dirt, and insect; and not caused by the planting location. INTISARIPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui intensitas cemaran jamur dominan pada biji jagung yang digunakan sebagai pakan ternak selama penyimpanan. Biji jagung pakan ternak dari Klaten, Sleman, dan Muntilan sebanyak 5 kg disimpan di gudang CV. Ragil Jaya, Magelang selama 2 bulan. Pengukuran kadar air dilakukan setiap 2 minggu dan kemudian diuji dengan metode PDA dan blotter untuk mengetahui cemaran jamur pada biji jagung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari sampel biji jagung pakan ternak yang berasal dari Klaten, Sleman, dan Muntilan, jamur cemaran yang mendominasi, yaitu Aspergillus sp. isolat As2 dengan intensitas cemaran jamur tertinggi di daerah Klaten 89% (blotter), Sleman 73% (PDA), dan Muntilan 44% (blotter). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa hal yang mempengaruhi intensitas cemaran jamur pada jagung pakan ternak adalah kondisi awal bahan yang disimpan yaitu ada tidaknya kerusakan, kotoran, dan serangga; bukan lokasi penanaman jagung

Potency of Non-Fungicide Chemicals for Maize Inducing Resistance Against Downy Mildew

Downy mildew disease control is a big challenge in Indonesia due to ability of pathogen adaptation and favorable environmental condition to the disease. Self-resistance induction by activating plant defense mechanism is a valuable control method to be developed in the future due to its environmentally safety. This study aimed to determine potency of non-fungicide chemicals to suppress downy mildew of maize. The tested chemicals were benzoic acid, sodium benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thiamine, saccharin, and aspirin with a concentration of 2000 ppm. Disease incidence, disease severity, disease progress, leaf tissue lignification, plant growth, chlorophyll content, and plant dry weight were observed to find out the effect of the chemicals application in maize against downy mildew. Results showed that seed application of benzoic acid was able to reduce disease incidence and disease severity by 80%. Benzoic acid treated plants were categorized as moderately resistant until 5-week observation, while inoculated plants (positive control) were susceptible. Based on AUDPC values, plants induced by the chemicals had slower disease development rates compared to positive control. Lignification around the stomata occured in all inoculated plants treated by chemicals. Plant growth between chemical treated plants and negative control (non-inoculated plant) mainly showed no significant different, elaborated that those chemicals were applicable. Chlorophyll content in chemical treated plants was also similar to those of negative control plant. Based on these results, benzoic acid was promoted to be further investigated as maize resistance inducer against downy mildew

Responses of Capsicum Annuum Varieties Toward Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita Infection

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the major vegetable commodities in Indonesia. One of the challenges in Chili pepper cultivation is the infection of Meloidogyne incognita which causes gall formation in root systems. The purposes of this research were to determine 1. the response of four varieties of Chili pepper against M. incognita infections; 2. damaged intensity caused by this pest in the root system, and; 3. development of M. incognita populations in root systems (rhizosphere). This research was conducted in Plant Pest Science Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gadjah Mada. This research included cultivation of three Chili pepper varieties (Cabai Merah Besar, Pilar F1; Cabai Merah Keriting, Kastilo F1; and Paprika, Red Star 2060), rearing of M. incognita, inoculation, and observation. Chili pepper respond to M. incognita infections were evaluated based on agronomic aspects of the plants, such as root histopathology observation, disease intensity, and nematode populations. Results showed that each variety of Chili pepper expressed various responses to infections. All varieties had different root weight and length, but had similar sensitivity based on the appearance of root damage and egg mass scoring of M. incognita. Although nematode population could develop on roots, observation from root tissues showed lignification after infection of J2 M. incognita. Chili pepper var. Red Star 2060 was more susceptible against M. incognita than Chili pepper var. Pilar F1 and Chili pepper var. Kastilo F1

Detection and Development of Infestation Rate of Aphelenchoides Besseyi on Various Rice Seed Varieties

Aphelenchoides besseyi is a seed borne nematode caused white tip disease. Infested rice seeds are beneficial inoculum source forA. besseyi widespread. The objective of this research was to determine the occurence and development of symptom level caused by A. besseyi in rice seed varieties. The research was done by detecting A. besseyi in rice seed using Hoshino and Togashi method and counting the nematode population in the seed; observing the incubation time and measuring disease incidence every week. The result revealed that A. besseyi was found in 16 of 17 varieties, i.e. R1 IR64, R2 IR64, R3 IR64, R1 Situbagendit, R2 Situbagendit, Inpari 33, R1 Memberamo, R2 Memberamo, R3 Memberamo, R1 Way Apo Buru, R2 Way Apo Buru, Mekongga, Pepe, Ketan, Sintanur, and Ciherang.A. besseyi infection increased every week in many varieties depend on quantitative (statistics) and qualitative (symptom) indicators. There were 4 varieties have to be investigate further because they were infested by A. besseyi>30 nematodes/100 seeds, i.e. R1 Way Apo Buru, R1 Situbagendit, Ketan and R3 IR 64. A practice that is also required is the elimination of A. besseyi inoculum in rice seed before cultivate

Induced Resistance Mechanism of Twisted Disease Suppression of Shallot by Bacillus Spp.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria has been known for its ability to induce plant resistance on shallot against twisted disease. Its ability as a bioprotectant agent is estimated to be comparable to the efficacy of Trichoderma which is currently widely used as a biological control agent.. This study aims to determine the content of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, peroxidase, and disease suppression in shallot by application of Bacillus velezensis B-27, Bacillus cereus RC76, and application with combination of both rhizobacteria. The application was carried out with tuber dipping for 30 minutes in each treatment with a bacterial density of 108 CFU mL-1. Application using Trichoderma was used as the comparison treatment, and the control plot was not given any treatment. Pathogen inoculation was carried out simultaneously as planting using Fusarium acutatum with a spore density of 106 CFU mL-1. The jasmonic and salicylic acids content was measured using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method, and the peroxidase content was determined using the spectrophotometric method. Disease suppression was measured at 10-day intervals. The results showed that treatment with Bacillus cereus RC76 increased jasmonic and salicylic acid levels, while application with Bacillus velezensis B-27 showed the highest level of peroxidase. Treatments with Bacillus spp. were able to suppress twisted disease by 72.2% to 100%. This study demonstrated that application Bacillus spp. suppressed twisted disease on shallot and increased the jasmonic and salicylic acid content as induced resistance mechanism against pathogens