Management of Oral Thrush in an Infant with Cleft Lip and Palate (A Case Report)

Oral candidiasis is the most common human fungal infection seen with a wide range of carrier rates ranging from 2% to as high as 95% among various age groups, especially in children and the elderly, often found in immunocompromised individuals but can also occur in healthy individuals. Although considered a pathogen, Candida albicans is a commensal organism that usually colonizes the oral mucosa and is isolated in the oral cavity of healthy individuals. Several risk factors for oral candidiasis in cleft lip and palate patients include changes in oral microflora, variations in hard and soft tissue anatomy, immunocompromised state, and high number of frequent hospitalizations. Candida albicans adhering to the oral cavity can be a cause of infection, however, removal of adherent candida cells from the mucosal surface through the effects of salivary flow and swallowing is the most important factor in preventing candida overgrowth. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the management of oral thrush in infant with cleft lip and palate

Length of Stay Children Hospitalized with Chronic Kidney Disease Based on Etiology and Stage in Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung

Objectives: This study aims to describe the LOS children hospitalized with CKD based on the etiology and stage at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung in 2016–2018.Methods: This was a retrospective study with a cross-sectional design from June–October 2019. The inclusion were all medical records of pediatric inpatient diagnosed with CKD and exclusion criteria were incomplete medical record data and hospital readmission patients. The variables studied were CKD etiology, CKD stage, and length of stayResults: From 103 patients, the etiologies found were steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) (58.25%), congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (9.71%), urinary tract infection (5.83%), and chronic glomerulonephritis (21.36%). The mean LOS was 19 days. The longest LOS found in CKD stage 5 patients caused by SRNS (141 days). Meanwhile, the shortest LOS was found in CKD stage 2 patients caused by chronic glomerulonephritis and CKD stage 5 patients were caused by SRNS who died (1  day). Conclusion: Pediatric patients with CKD stage 5 with SRNS has the potential to have a longer LOS than other etiologies

Lipid Profile in Early and Late Stage among Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome-Related Chronic Kidney Disease in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia in 2016−2019

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem in children with an increased prevalence globally. CKD is strongly associated with Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) and dyslipidemia, which become a progressive factor of CKD. This study aimed to describe the lipid profile of children with CKD and NS in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia.Methods: An observational-retrospective study was conducted with a cross-sectional design involving 150 medical records of children aged 1−18 years who were diagnosed with CKD with NS. Lipid profile data, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL, were collected from 2016−2019 using the total sampling method. Subjects with incomplete lipid profile data were excluded from the study.Results: Among the fifty-two children that were eligible and fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 88.5% were diagnosed with stage 1 CKD, and 32.7% were aged between 6−11 years and boys were predominant (67.3%). Lipid profile changes were found in the LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol serum levels between CKD stage I and II–V.Conclusions: Lipid profile of CKD pediatric patients with NS in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in 2016−2019 showed hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Most subjects were in stage I of CKD and Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome, and comparison between stages of CKD and types of nephrotic syndrome is lacking. A prospective analytical study would be more reliable in proofing its significance

Disease-Associated Systemic Complications in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the most common childhood kidney diseases. During the active phase, the disease pathogenesis affects various biological functions linked to loss of proteins negatively, which can result in systemic complications. Complications of childhood NS are divided into two categories: disease-associated complications and drug-associated complications. However, complications in pediatric patients with NS, especially disease-associated complications are still limited. Although reported in the literature, information is not comprehensive and needs to be updated. This study aimed to systematically assess systemic complications in children with NS, especially disease-associated complications, to better understand how they impact outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of several databases: BioMed Central Pediatrics, PubMed, Google Scholar, the National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, CINAHL/EBSCO, British Medical Journal, Science Direct, Scopus, and Elsevier’s ClinicalKey. We followed the PRISMA guidelines to plan, conduct, and report this review. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tools for assuring the quality of the journal articles that were chosen. RESULTS: Eleven articles concerning complications in childhood NS were analyzed. Systemic disease-associated complications in covered were cardiovascular complications, infections, thyroid-hormone complication, kidney complications, and oral health complications. CONCLUSION: NS is marked by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, which can result in systemic disease-associated complications. Cardiovascular complications, infections, thyroid-hormone complications, kidney complications, and oral health complications are the main systemic complications in childhood NS. It is essential that health-care providers prevent these complications for proper maintenance of patients’ health