Current understanding of the origin, molecular biology and continuing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Recent outbreaks of human coronaviruses, officially named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have put health authorities worldwide on a high alert. Firstly emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, SARS-CoV-2 infection is rapidly escalating into a global pandemic. It is first thought as the result of a zoonotic transmission event, similar to the previous epidemic of coronaviruses. However, a continuously increasing number of confirmed cases indicates that the virus gains capacity of efficient human-to-human transmission. Soon after the pandemic is arising, many efforts are focused on identifying the origin of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human population. Current evidence suggests that the virus is probably derived from bat or pangolin coronaviruses as the natural host. Whether intermediate host(s) exist in the transmission cascade from bat or pangolin to humans is, to a great extent, elusive. This information is essential as the basis for infection prevention and control measures. In this review, we discuss our recent understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology, highlighting its origin and molecular evolution

Survey of Chatbot Testing Methods on Social Media to Measure Accuracy

The design of Chatbot aims to facilitate social activities in all areas to be considered. A Chatbot is one type of machine that can communicate with humans using natural language. Chatting is used to communicate, and it is a written conversation. Chatbot is a form of application implementation Natural Language Processing (NLP) that belongs to one branch of artificial intelligence or Artificial Intelligent AI social media now provides a service that allows developers to process and integrate chatbot applications. This paper aims to review the papers that build chatbot applications for various social media using various testing methods. The contribution to this paper is to determine which method can measure the level of chatbot accuracy best. This review paper will choose the equations of the most widely used test methods and social media from various papers, so that further research is expected to implement the right testing methods and use better social media in terms of user experience, features, and services. According to the review papers and papers, the Black-box and System Usability Scale testing methods are the most commonly used in the review papers. This testing method is a type of method that performs testing for the flow and how the chatbot works to achieve functional validation completely

The Physical Activity Messaging Framework (PAMF) and Checklist (PAMC): International consensus statement and user guide

Effective physical activity messaging plays an important role in the pathway towards changing physical activity behaviour at a population level. The Physical Activity Messaging Framework (PAMF) and Checklist (PAMC) are outputs from a recent modified Delphi study. This sought consensus from an international expert panel on how to aid the creation and evaluation of physical activity messages. In this paper, we (1) present an overview of the various concepts within the PAMF and PAMC, (2) discuss in detail how the PAMF and PAMC can be used to create physical activity messages, plan evaluation of messages, and aid understanding and categorisation of existing messages, and (3) highlight areas for future development and research. If adopted, we propose that the PAMF and PAMC could improve physical activity messaging practice by encouraging evidence-based and target population-focused messages with clearly stated aims and consideration of potential working pathways. They could also enhance the physical activity messaging research base by harmonising key messaging terminologies, improving quality of reporting, and aiding collation and synthesis of the evidence