c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun.

<p>Western blot analysis of c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun in colon homogenates from untreated controls (co) and 12 h or 24 h following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration without or with XG-102 (100 µg/kg sc.). These blots are representative of 3 independent experiments.</p

Tissue damage scores.

<p>Tissue damage scores.</p

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) scores.

<p>Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) scores from distal (A) and medial (B) colon. For the tissue damage score (hatched bars), the scores of ulcer, crypts and submucosa were summed-up for each individual animal, and the mean±SEM was calculated for each group. The mean±SEM of the infiltration score (grey bar) is separately shown. ***, ** = p<0.001 and p<0.01 for all groups compared with TNBS group.</p

JNK2-Bim co-precipitation.

<p>JNK1 and JNK2 immunoprecipitates (IP) from colon tissue homogenates were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-Bim antibody. Pounceau staining demonstrated equal loading (data not shown).</p

Representative CD3 and CD68 immunofluorescence.

<p>Representative CD3 (left) and CD68 (right) immunofluorescence of the distal colon from normal mice, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration and treatment with sc. 100 µg/kg XG-102.</p

Apoptosis.

<p>Western blot analysis of (A) caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3, (B) Bax and Bim, and (C) FasL and p53 from colon extracts of untreated controls (co) 12 h, 24 h and 72 h following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration without or with XG-102 (100 µg/kg sc.). These blots are representative of 3 independent experiments.</p

Production of TNF-α.

<p>TNF-α release (pg/ml) into the supernatant of organic colon culture from normal mice, following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) only, and treatment with sc. 100 µg/kg XG-102. ** = p<0.01 for all groups compared with TNBS group.</p