A New Conceptual Model for the Continuum of Land Rights

This paper presents a new conceptual model for the land rights continuum. In developing the argument for the proposed model, the theoretical assumptions of the former model are challenged and an understanding of land rights and tenure elements is explored. The evolutionary approach is rejected in order to accommodate diversity and reflect the coexistence of multiple forms of land rights. In order to inform the development of a new model, a systems understanding is used to identify five primary elements of land rights and land tenure. These are expanded in a tabular form in the Appendix to the paper. An aspect of this is land value and the degree of simplicity/complexity in land value is found to be well-aligned with the land rights types in the former continuum model. This is adopted as a suitable substitute for the former measure of informality/formality when locating land rights types on the horizontal axis. Legitimacy, legality and complexity are identified as indicators of land tenure security. These lead to the triple vertical indices of land tenure security in the new model. The range of land rights options in use, their associated land tenure, as well as mobility of people and flexibility of land parcels between land rights types, can be modelled

Quasifree knockout of charged particles from ⁴He with 100 MeV protons

Bibliography p. 214-226.Exclusive measurements have been made of the reactions ⁴He(p,2p ), (p,pd), (p,pt) and (p,ph) at 100 MeV. The primary protons were measured at two angles, 45° and 60°, in coincidence with secondary protons, deuterons, tritons or helions covering a wide range of angles on the opposite side of the beam, from -15° to -90° in plane, and from 0° to 30° out-of-plane. The purpose of the experiment was to explore the validity of the Distorted Wave Impulse Approximation (DWIA) as a description of these quasifree knockout reactions, at all geometries where the knockout cross section is significant. Six particle telescopes, each consisting of two silicon detectors and a NaI detector, were used to measure the coincident particles. The experimental data are presented in the form of energy-sharing distributions, which were generated by projecting the two-dimensional quasifree knockout loci onto the energy axis of the primary proton. The comparison between these energy-sharing distributions and the curves calculated by means of the DWIA is satisfactory for all geometries, except at the most forward secondary angles for the (p,pt) and (p,ph) reactions. It is concluded that the DWIA is an adequate formalism for modelling the quasifree knockout reactions induced by 100 MeV protons on ⁴He. Based on this conclusion, the total contribution of quasifree knockout to the existing inclusive (p,p') spectra has been calculated by integrating the DWIA cross sections over the solid angles of the secondary particles. The spectroscopic factors used were those extracted from the coincidence data. For the (p,pn) reaction, it was assumed that the spectroscopic factors were the same as for (p,2p). It is found that 70 ± 10% of the inclusive continuum yields is attributable to quasifree scattering, with ~30% arising from multiple scattering. At low energies of the scattered proton, the knockout of nucleons constitutes over 90% of the quasifree component, whereas at high energies the knockout of deuterons, tritons and helions dominates the yield. Thus the absence of discernable quasifree peaks in the inclusive spectra is probably due to the cluster knockout contributions filling in the yield at higher energies

Energy correlations of prompt neutrons from 252Cf fission

Measurements have been made of the neutron-neutron energy correlations for coincident neutrons emitted in the spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf. The hypothesis that cooling of the fission fragments during the cascade evaporation of prompt neutrons affects the energies of successive neutrons in a cascade has been investigated by a comparison of the energy correlations of coincident neutrons from the same fragment with those of coincident neutrons from opposite fragments in the same fission. It is found that the energies of coincident neutrons are posftively correlated and that the correlation coefficient is greater for neutrons from opposite fragments than for neutrons from the same fragment. This provides a sensitive test of the nature of neutron emission in an evaporation cascade. The energy correlations of random (noncoincidental) neutrons have also been investigated and are found to show similar but smaller correlation trends. It is concluded that there is some evidence for the cascade cooling effect on the energies of prompt fission neutrons

Filling the gap: customary land tenure reform in Mozambique and South Africa

Using a conceptual framework for guiding cadastral systems development in customary land rights contexts, the drafting and implementation of the 1995 Land Policy and 1997 Land Law in Mozambique from the early 1990s to the present is analysed for its successfulness, sustainability, and significance. The framework looks at the theory underlying development, the drivers of change, the change process, the land administration system, and the review process. Each of these are further broken down into aspects, elements, and indicators. Through grounded theorising, the Mozambique case is compared against the framework to highlight its successes and challenges. This is a desk-top study using secondary data (published literature, reports, policies, and legislation). Recommendations for land tenure reform in South Africa draw on the experiences from Mozambique. The paper has significance for academics, professionals, and policymakers involved in land reform in South Africa and hence has particular relevance in the current South African context

Compulsory Acquisition and Urban Land Delivery in Customary Areas in Ghana

Most land in Ghana is held by communities under customary tenure. About 20% of land in Ghana was acquired through a legal process of compulsory acquisition by the government. This process extinguishes all proprietary and jurisdictional rights, titles, or other interests vested in the stool  (traditional authority) or any other person. Among other things, compulsory acquisition aims to provide land for public purposes, to correct economic and social inefficiencies in the use of land and also to deliver on broader goals of social justice and equity in the land sector through the redistribution of land. Most compulsory acquisition laws make provision for prompt payment of adequate compensation for those who are dispossessed, but this has not always been the case resulting in disputes. This paper adopts a case study approach in Tema (Accra) and Aprade (Kumasi), Ghana, to investigate compulsory acquisition and to assess the consequences of this process on urban land delivery. The study seeks to understand why the affected communities have re-occupied land that was acquired from them through compulsory acquisition many years ago. The paper concludes that the general policy on compulsory acquisition is in need of review while the payment of compensation requires further detailed investigation.Keywords:Customary land, customary tenure systems, traditional authorities, peri-urban land, land tenure, good governance, land administration, compulsory acquisitio

Municipal Boundary Demarcation in South Africa: Processes and Effects on Governance in Traditional Rural Areas

After democracy in 1994, South Africa underwent a period of reform in order to address inequalities and effect broad social change. As part of this, the Municipal Demarcation Board began determining the locations of local government boundaries in 1998. The traditional communal lands and rural villages were often split by municipal boundaries which failed to follow complex social boundaries. Contest between the government and traditional governance over land resulted in escalation of disputes. A duality in governance in traditional rural areas was thus created and rural communities were severely affected. This research adopts a multiple case study approach to understand disputes over municipal boundary   demarcation. The causes of disputes are investigated and the processes of municipal demarcation and boundary dispute resolution are analysed using the goals of good governance in land administration, rights, restrictions and responsibilities, Kotter’s eight stages of change management and the 7Es performance measurement frameworks. The analysis shows that theprocess of municipal demarcation can be improved and provides proposals which should contribute to reducing boundary demarcation disputes.Keywords:Demarcation, dispute resolution, performance measurement, change management, good governanc

Good e-Governance and Cadastral Innovation: In Pursuit of a Definition of e-Cadastral Systems

The development and implementation of an e-cadastre, called Project Vulindlela, is underway in South Africa yet there is little literature/research to guide e-cadastral development and implementation globally. Also, the meanings of the terms ‘e-cadastre’ and ‘e-cadastral system’ are unclear. This paper seeks to address these limitations. We begin with a look at definitions of key terms in the field of cadastral development. Then an understanding of what constitutes an ecadastral system is formed through an exploration of: good governance as related to cadastral development, e-government and e-governance, and a study of global cadastral and landadministration trends and ‘future cadastres’. The e-cadastral system is thereafter defined as an electronic, parcel-based land tenure information system (LTIS) that combines the roles of the agencies in control of surveys and mapping, land registration, land valuation and land use / development in a manner that aims to broadly satisfy e-governance outcomes as related to cadastral systems development. Finally, the implied goals of the e-cadastral system are described. It is hoped that this exploration will stimulate further development of the concepts of e-cadastral systems such that formal critique of these systems will be possible in the future

What the guide does not tell you: reflections on and lessons learned from applying the COM-B behavior model for designing real life interventions

Substantial inconsistency exists in the effectiveness of existing interventions to improve heart failure (HF) self-care, which can be partially explained by the fact that self-management interventions often lack theoretical models that underpin intervention development. The COM-B behavior model is a comprehensive theoretical framework that can be used to develop effective, theory-based interventions. The aim of this article is to highlight the challenges and practical solutions when applying the COM-B model to HF self-care, in order to provide useful support for researchers intending to use the model for designing behavior change interventions. “The Behaviour Change Wheel” handbook provides a step-by-step guide to understand and change behavior. When following the guide, some practical and methodological challenges were encountered. Lessons learnt to overcome these challenges are reported. Although the handbook is a comprehensive guide for designing behavior change interventions, a number of challenges arose. For example, the descriptions provided in the guide were not always sufficient to make solid judgments on how to categorize determinants; narrowing down intervention possibilities to a manageable number and prioritizing potential behavior change techniques over others involved a certain amount of subjectivity in an otherwise highly systematic and structured approach. For the encountered challenges, solutions are provided to illustrate how the model was applied practically to design theory-based behavior change interventions. This article provides a useful reference for researchers’ use of the COM-B behavior model, as it outlines challenges that may occur and potential solutions to overcome them