Toward a Unified Genetic Map of Higher Plants, Transcending the Monocot-Dicot Divergence

Closely related (confamilial) genera often retain large chromosomal tracts in which gene order is colinear, punctuated by structural mutations such as inversions and translocations 1. To explore the possibility that conservation of gene order might extrapolate to more distantly related taxa, we first estimated an average structural mutation rate. Nine pairs of taxa, for which there exist both comparative genetic maps and plausible estimates of divergence time, showed an average of0.14 (±0.06) structural mutations per chromosome per million years of divergence (Myr; Table 1). This value is offered as a first approximation, acknowledging that refined comparative data and/or divergence estimates may impel revision

Susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in a key infectious host: Landscape variation in host genotype, host phenotype, and environmental factors

• Sudden oak death is an emerging forest disease caused by the invasive pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Genetic and environmental factors affecting susceptibility to P. ramorum in the key inoculum-producing host tree Umbellularia californica (bay laurel) were examined across a heterogeneous landscape in California, USA. • Laboratory susceptibility trials were conducted on detached leaves and assessed field disease levels for 97 host trees from 12 225-m2 plots. Genotype and phenotype characteristics were assessed for each tree. Effects of plot-level environmental conditions (understory microclimate, amount of solar radiation and topographic moisture potential) on disease expression were also evaluated. • Susceptibility varied significantly among U. californica trees, with a fivefold difference in leaf lesion size. Lesion size was positively related to leaf area, but not to other phenotypic traits or to field disease level. Genetic diversity was structured at three spatial scales, but primarily among individuals within plots. Lesion size was significantly related to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, but local environment explained most variation in field disease level. • Thus, substantial genetic variation in susceptibility to P. ramorum occurs in its principal foliar host U. californica, but local environment mediates expression of susceptibility in nature

Susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in California bay laurel, a key foliar host of sudden oak death

Sudden oak death, caused by the water mold Phytophthora ramorum, is a plant disease responsible for the death of hundreds of thousands of oak and tanoak trees. Some foliar hosts play a major role in the epidemiology of this disease. Upon infection by P. ramorum, these foliar hosts express non-fatal leaf lesions from which large amounts of inoculum can be produced and spread to neighboring host individuals, including oak species. Umbellularia californica (California bay laurel) may be one of the most important foliar hosts of sudden oak death due its observed ability to produce inoculum and its high abundance in the woodlands of coastal California. While previous research on susceptibility to P. ramorum in U. californica has shown significant variability among trees, with more resistant individuals in northern areas of its range, little is known about the causes or extent of this variability. Here, we ask three research questions: (1) How does susceptibility vary among U. californica individuals and P. ramorum isolates? (2) Are U. californica phenotype and genotype related to susceptibility? (3) What factors influence disease expression in nature