A comparison of vibrotactile and air puff stimulation for inducing swallowing

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two types of non-invasive, sensory stimulation on increasing the rate of swallowing and for inducing cortical activity associated with swallowing. The types of stimulation investigated were vibrotactile stimulation to the external throat area surrounding the laryngeal tissues and oral air puff stimulation to the anterior faucial pillars. A functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system measured relative changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) in cortical sensorimotor regions as an indirect measure of brain activity. The experiment included 16 healthy adult participants between the ages of 28 and 60 years of age with no reported history of swallowing problems. Results indicated a significant difference between stimulation types on the frequency of swallowing. A significant change in the number of swallows was found between the air puff stimulation and control periods, while no difference was found between the vibrotactile stimulation and control periods. A significant main effect of type of stimulation (p ≤ .0005) indicated that the two stimuli also differed in the effects on changes in blood oxygenation in the brain. Reduced concentration of HbO, particularly in the right sensory region, was seen during air puff stimulation compared to the control period. There was no overall difference in concentration of HbO in the cortical somatosensory and motor regions between the vibrotactile stimulation and control periods. Data recorded from fNIRS suggest an increased concentration of HbO in some participants during vibrotactile stimulation in the right sensory region which was positively related to the degree of increase in swallowing rate. The findings of an inverse blood oxygenation level at the cortex would suggest that although air pressure stimulation of the faucial pillars is upregulating swallowing at the brainstem level, it might interfere with cortical activation for swallowing when applied concurrently. The potential for cortical activation seen by vibrotactile device is important. If the vibrotactile device activates the cortex, the device could be used in targeted interventions aimed at enhancing voluntary swallowing control

Getting Started: Growing a Service-Learning Curriculum

The Michigan K- 12 Service-Learning Center is a part of the School of Education at the University of Michigan. Supported in part by the Michigan Department of Education with funds from the Corporation for National Community Service and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, the Center is dedicated to the promotion of service-learning as an effective strategy for educating young people from diverse communities. The Center provides assistance, consultation and clearinghouse services to school districts, community organizations and universities in the state of Michigan and surrounding states in the Great Lakes region. The focus of the Center is to assist in infusing service-learning into K-12 schools. As educators we are challenged by reports that we are not adequately preparing our children for their future in the 21st century. Reform efforts urge us to thoughtfully look at not only what we teach but how we teach it. Service-learning is a way to refocus school on central issues in American education; how to help make schools become decent, democratic learning communities, authentically connected to and supporting the larger communities in which schools are located. Community service and volunteerism have rich histories in American public and private schools. Service clubs, and co-curricular service activities enjoy wide acceptance and have provided benefits to students and their communities alike. Service-learning incorporates into the classroom the important lessons learned through young people interacting with their communities in empowering ways. It is through the act of community service that the academic and pro-social lessons are learned in ways that are meaningful and relevant to students lives. The integration of community service into the academic curriculum has profound implications for school reform and therefore deserves our most thoughtful planning. We offer you this tool to help facilitate a process for growing a service-learning curriculum. Our intention is that it will be used by classroom teachers as a workbook, entering and exiting as is needed. As Connelly and Clandinin state in Teachers as Curriculum Planners, Curriculum development and curriculum planning are fundamentally questions of teacher thinking and teacher doing. We invite you to draw on your personal and professional knowledge of what you know to be good education as you nurture and grow your service-learning curriculum

Service-Learning Project Models and Subject Matter Achievement of Middle School Students

Many of the experiences that occurred in an educational context, sometimes by design and more often by accident, equaled turning points in my development. I learn best by doing; and, I learn the most important things I know, by doing. Most of my learning by doing happened as a result of being a part of performing arts groups or involvement in student government, or as a young employee in various jobs

The Silence, Exile, and Cunning of “I”: An Analysis of Bildungsroman as the Place Model in the Work of Charlotte Brontë and James Joyce

Education, be that on a moral, social or intellectual level, in a formal setting or via lived experience is Bildungsroman’s raison d’être. ‘Moments of crisis’ and the resultant demonstration of the journey towards awareness of personal autonomy, agency, identity and place are discussed via geographical imagination. This article examines ‘fictional’ teachers, the impact of the ‘professional’ on formative development and how the fictional characters of Jane Eyre and Stephen Dedalus fit within and extend the Place Model

Evidence for the Use of Health Promotion Programs in Schools

Health promotion is defined as “a process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health” (Scaffa, 2019, p. 442). Promotion of health is a common goal that is shared by numerous disciplines (Reitz & Graham, 2019). Health promotion directed towards occupational therapy is the “client-centered use of occupations, adaptations to context, or alteration of context to maximize individuals’, families’, communities’, and groups’ pursuit of health and quality of life” (Reitz & Graham, 2019). Health promotion is essential for all age groups, especially for young children who are completing their beginning years of school. Children’s thoughts, behaviors, and health are heavily influenced by their physical and social environment (Reitz & Graham, 2019). Other health determinants include genetics, and geographical location (Reitz & Graham, 2019). Lack of accessibility can result in occupational deprivation, which negatively impacts the health of individuals (Reitz & Graham, 2019). Occupational deprivation is defined as, “the lack of access to engagement in an array of self-selected occupations that are meaningful to the individual, family, or community, which can result in ill health” (Reitz & Graham, 2019, p. 677). Occupational therapists need to be aware of demographics when working with populations. Occupational therapists are obligated to create programs for health promotion that are easily comprehended and can be accessed by the general public (Reitz and Graham, 2019)

The Iowa Homemaker vol.16, no.1

What\u27s New in Home Economics Foods and Nutrition, page 6 Textiles and Clothing, page 7 Child Development; Education, page 8 Home Management; Family Relationship, page 9 Household Equipment, page 9 Easter Styles (including outline of style trends), page 4 and 5 April Events, Theater, Sports, Lectures, Exhibits Of Vocational Interest Two Major Departments at Iowa State, page 10 Vacation Jobs, page 10 Tea Room Management, page 11 Tips for the Job Hunter, page 15 Books Home Economics Books, page 12 General Books, page 13 Dried Fruits for Spreads, page 16 Hat Etiquette, page 14 French Style Terms Explained, page 15 How I Do It-Student Inventions, page 1

Non-symbolic numerosities do not automatically activate spatial-numerical associations : Evidence from the SNARC effect

This research was funded by an Experimental Psychology Society small grant.Peer reviewedPostprin

Whose rights deserve protection? Framing analysis of responses to the 2016 Committee of Advertising Practice consultation on the non-broadcast advertising of foods and soft drinks to children

Exposure to advertising of food and beverages high in fat sugar and salt (HFSS) is considered a factor in the development of childhood obesity. This paper uses framing analysis to examine the strategic discursive practices employed by non-industry and industry responders to the Committee of Advertising Practice’s consultation responses (n = 86) on UK regulation of non-broadcast advertising of foods and soft drinks to children. Our analysis demonstrates non-industry and industry responders engaged in a moral framing battle centred on whose rights were deemed as being of greatest importance to protect: children or industry. Both industry and non-industry responders acknowledged that childhood obesity and non-broadcast advertising were complex issues but diverged on how they morally framed their arguments. Non-industry responders employed a moral framework that aligned with the values represented in social justice approaches to public health policy, where children were identified as vulnerable, in need of protection from harmful HFSS product advertising and childhood obesity was a societal problem to solve. In contrast, industry responders emphasised industry rights, portraying themselves as a responsible industry that is victim to perceived disproportionate policymaking, and values more closely aligned with a market justice approach to public health policy. Our analysis provides detailed insights into the framing strategies used in the policy debate surrounding the non-broadcast advertising of HFSS foods to children. This has relevance as to how advocacy organisations can develop counter-framing to industry frames which seek to limit effective regulation