Examining the Effect of 2-Aminoanthracene Exposure in Sprague Dawley Dams from Gestation through the Postnatal Period

Background: The effect of 2-Aminoanthracene (2AA) on adipose tissue gene expression in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats was investigated. Adipocyte dysfunction may be a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance as a result of abnormal fat storage and mobilization. We have previously observed insulin-signaling related altered gene expression in animals exposed to 2AA. 2AA is an amino-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon used in manufacturing dyes, chemical, inks, resins, and polyurethanes. 2AA is a known mutagen and carcinogen that occurs naturally and can be found in tobacco smoke and cooked foods. To examine insulin-dependent 2AA effects on the adipose tissue, nine timed pregnant dams were assigned into dose regimens of 0 mg/kg- (control-C), 50 mg/kg- (low dose-LD) and 100 mg/kg-diet (high dose-HD) 2AA. Dams were fed 2AA contaminated diet during the period of gestation and postpartum. The expression of key gene transcripts reported to be important in mediating inflammatory processes was examined via quantitative RT-PCR. Histologic examination of the adipose tissue (AT) was also carried out to understanding the anatomy of the AT due to 2AA exposure during gestation and postpartum. Results: Body weight gain during gestation and postnatal period indicated no significant differences in animals. Examination of the adipose tissue (AT) for microscopic changes suggests no alterations between control and low dose animals. However, AT of the high dose animals is infiltrated by increased numbers of CD68+mononuclear cells (macrophages) and small numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, consistent with inflammation. In addition, analysis of the mRNA expression of cytokines and adipokines demonstrates the importance of inflammation in ATs dysfunction. For instance, TNFa, LEPTIN and IL-6 transcripts were relatively more expressed in the low dose animals than the high dose and control rats. Conclusion: It appears the effects of 2AA on pregnant dams were more pronounced in the low dose group than the high dose group using differential gene expression levels, possibly indicating increased susceptibility of rat offspring within this group to diabetic-type conditions

AIDSVu Cities’ Progress Toward HIV Care Continuum Goals: Cross-Sectional Study

BackgroundPublic health surveillance data are critical to understanding the current state of the HIV and AIDS epidemics. Surveillance data provide significant insight into patterns within and progress toward achieving targets for each of the steps in the HIV care continuum. Such targets include those outlined in the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) goals. If these data are disseminated, they can be used to prioritize certain steps in the continuum, geographic locations, and groups of people. ObjectiveWe sought to develop and report indicators of progress toward the NHAS goals for US cities and to characterize progress toward those goals with categorical metrics. MethodsHealth departments used standardized SAS code to calculate care continuum indicators from their HIV surveillance data to ensure comparability across jurisdictions. We report 2018 descriptive statistics for continuum steps (timely diagnosis, linkage to medical care, receipt of medical care, and HIV viral load suppression) for 36 US cities and their progress toward 2020 NHAS goals as of 2018. Indicators are reported categorically as met or surpassed the goal, within 25% of attaining the goal, or further than 25% from achieving the goal. ResultsCities were closest to meeting NHAS goals for timely diagnosis compared to the goals for linkage to care, receipt of care, and viral load suppression, with all cities (n=36, 100%) within 25% of meeting the goal for timely diagnosis. Only 8% (n=3) of cities were >25% from achieving the goal for receipt of care, but 69% (n=25) of cities were >25% from achieving the goal for viral suppression. ConclusionsDisplay of progress with graphical indicators enables communication of progress to stakeholders. AIDSVu analyses of HIV surveillance data facilitate cities’ ability to benchmark their progress against that of other cities with similar characteristics. By identifying peer cities (eg, cities with analogous populations or similar NHAS goal concerns), the public display of indicators can promote dialogue between cities with comparable challenges and opportunities

Investigating Diabetic-Like Effects in Adipose Tissues of Progeny Exposed to 2-Aminoanthracene In Utero

In recent times, there has been an increase in the incidence of type-2 diabetes (T2D) particularly in children. T2D is when the body does not produce enough of insulin, or when the body cannot use insulin to its full potential. Understanding the etiology and biology of this disease is important for early detection and treatment. It is thought that, environmental chemical exposure during early years of life might be a significant contributing factor to the increase in the incidence of T2D. This study tests the idea that exposure to environmental contaminants (2-aminonanthracene-2AA) in utero will show effects in the adipose tissue that signify T2D vulnerability. One specific PAH, 2AA has been detected in broiled food and tobacco smoke as well as in a wide range of products including coal, tar, crude oil, cereals, grains, flour, vegetables, and pickled foods. To accomplish the study objective, pregnant dams were fed various amounts of 2AA adulterated diets (0 mg/kg-, 50 mg/kg-, and 100 mg/kg-2AA diet) from gestation through postnatal period. Adipose tissues of pups were analyzed for specific diabetes related gene expression using qRT-PCR; ADIPONECTIN, TNF-α, IL-6, LEPTIN, CD14 and CD68. Specific staining for CD68 positive cells was greater in the low dose group though not significantly different compared with the control. In contrast, CD68 positive cells were significantly reduced in the high dose group relative to control rats. It is interesting to note the over-expression of gene transcripts in the low dose (50 mg/kg-2AA diet) group compared to both control and high dose (100 mg/kg-2AA diet) animals. ADIPONECTIN, IL-6, CD14 and TNFα were up-regulated in the animals that ingested 50 mg/kg-2AA diet. Similarly, ADIPONECTIN was up-regulated in the progeny of dams that ingested to 100 mg/kg-2AA diet. Further study is ongoing to assess the response of offspring to moderate high fat diet

Adiponectin May Be a Predictor of Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes in Sprague Dawley Offspring Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon In Utero

This talk was given during the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers Annual Conference

Inflammatory Effect of 2-Aminoanthracene (2AA) on Adipose Tissue Gene Expression in Pregnant Sprague-Dawley

Adipocyte dysfunction may be a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance as a result of abnormal fat storage and mobilization. Adipocytes uniquely secrete adipokines and cytokines, such as leptin and TNFα, wich promote insulin sensitivity. Previously we reported insulin-signaling related altered gene expression in animals exposed to 2-Aminoanthracene (2AA). 2AA is an aminosubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon used in manufacturing dyes, chemicals, inks, resins, and polyurethanes. The objective of this study was to examine the inflammation related effects of 2AA exposure from gestation to postnatal period on dams that ingested 2AA. To examine 2AA effects, pregnant dams were assigned into dose regimens of 2AA. Dams were fed 2AA contaminated diet during the period of gestation and postpartum. The expression of key gene transcripts reported to be important in mediating inflammatory processes was examined via quantitative RT-PCR. Histologic examination of adipose tissue (AT) was also carried out to understand the anatomy of AT due to 2AA exposure during gestation and two weeks postpartum. Examination of the adipose tissue for microscopic changes revealed no alterations between control and low-dose animals. However, AT of the high-dose animals was infiltrated by increased numbers of CD68+mononuclear cells (macrophages) and small numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, consistent with inflammation. In addition, analysis of the mRNA expression of cytokines and adipokines demonstrated the importance of inflammation in AT dysfunction. For instance, TNFα, LEPTIN and IL-6 transcripts were relatively more expressed in the low dose animals than in the high dose and control rats. At the protein level, however, high amounts of cytokines were noted. The effects of 2AA on pregnant dams appear to be more pronounced in the high dose group than in the low dose group, possibly indicating increased susceptibility of rat offspring within this group to elicit a diabetic-type response

Inflammatory Effect of 2-Aminoanthracene (2AA) on Adipose Tissue Gene Expression in Pregnant Sprague Dawley

The effect of 2-Aminoanthracene (2AA) on adipose tissue gene expression in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats was investigated. Adipocyte dysfunction may be a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance as a result of abnormal fat storage and mobilization. We have previously observed insulin-signaling related altered gene expression in animals exposed to 2AA. 2AA is an amino-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon used in manufacturing dyes, chemical, inks, resins, and polyurethanes. 2AA is a known mutagen and carcinogen that occurs naturally and can be found in tobacco smoke and cooked foods. To examine insulin-dependent 2AA effects on the adipose tissue, nine timed pregnant dams were assigned into dose regimens of 0 mg/kg- (control-C), 50 mg/kg- (low dose-LD) and 100 mg/kg-diet (high dose-HD) 2AA. Dams were fed 2AA contaminated diet during the period of gestation and postpartum. Body weight gain during gestation and postnatal period indicated no significant differences in animals. Examination of the AT for microscopic changes suggests no alterations between control and low dose animals. However, AT of the high dose animals exhibited clusters of mononuclear cells and small numbers of eosinophils and mast cells. Inflammatory response was noted in dams fed 2AA. This is observed as phagocytic cells which are most likely macrophages as part of the inflammatory response. In addition, analysis of the mRNA expression of cytokines and adipokines demonstrate the importance of inflammation in ATs. For instance, TNFα, LEPTIN and IL-6 transcripts were relatively more expressed in the low dose animals than the high dose and control rats. It appears the effects of 2AA on pregnant dams were more pronounced in the low dose group than the high dose group. This means that rat offspring within this group might be more susceptible to diabetic-type conditions

Investigation of Gene Expression Changes in Adipose Tissue of Pups Exposed to 2-Aminoanthracene In Utero

This talk was given during the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers Annual Conference

Examining the Effect of 2-Aminoanthracene Exposure in Sprague Dawley Dams from Gestation through Postnatal Period

This talk was given during the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers Annual Conference

Original Article. Inflammatory effect of 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) on adipose tissue gene expression in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats

The effect of 2-Aminoanthracene (2AA) on adipose tissue gene expression in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats was investigated. Adipocyte dysfunction may be a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance as a result of abnormal fat storage and mobilization. We have previously observed insulin-signaling related altered gene expression in animals exposed to 2AA. 2AA is an amino-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon used in manufacturing dyes, chemical, inks, resins, and polyurethanes. 2AA is a known mutagen and carcinogen that occurs naturally and can be found in tobacco smoke and cooked foods. To examine insulin-dependent 2AA effects on the adipose tissue, nine timed pregnant dams were assigned into dose regimens of 0 mg/kg- (control-C), 50 mg/kg- (low dose-LD) and 100 mg/kg-diet (high dose-HD) 2AA. Dams were fed 2AA contaminated diet during the period of gestation and postpartum. Body weight gain during gestation and postnatal period indicated no significant differences in animals. Examination of the AT for microscopic changes suggests no alterations between control and low dose animals. However, AT of the high dose animals exhibited clusters of mononuclear cells and small numbers of eosinophils and mast cells. Inflammatory response was noted in dams fed 2AA. This is observed as phagocytic cells which are most likely macrophages as part of the inflammatory response. In addition, analysis of the mRNA expression of cytokines and adipokines demonstrate the importance of inflammation in ATs. For instance, TNFα, LEPTIN and IL-6 transcripts were relatively more expressed in the low dose animals than the high dose and control rats. It appears the effects of 2AA on pregnant dams were more pronounced in the low dose group than the high dose group. This means that rat offspring within this group might be more susceptible to diabetic-type conditions