Overview panel comments : new governance for a new rural economy : reinventing public and private institutions

Rural areas ; Rural development

How distorting are direct payments?

Agricultural and Food Policy,

Philip B. Whitaker, 12 December 1962

Personal correspondenc

Preparation, regioselective chemistry, and electronic properties of perfluoroalkylfullerenes

2013 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.A systematic study of how various reaction parameters affect the product distribution of gas-solid reactions was carried out in a new reactor of local design. These reactions involve the trifluoromethylation of C60, C70, and the endohedral metallofullerenes Sc3N@C80 and Y3N@C80; and in particular, the reactions were optimized to favor C60(CF3)2 and C60(CF3)4. A new solution phase homogeneous perfluoroalkylation method was used to prepare a series of 1,7-C60(RF)2 compounds with different RF chain lengths and branching patterns. A range of analytical methods including 19F NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, APCI mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography were used to structurally characterize the compounds. Cyclic voltammetry, DFT E(LUMO) calculations, and gas phase electron affinity (EA) measurements were used to determine the substituent effect of the RF groups. The results conclusively showed that the solution phase E1/2, calculated E(LUMO), and EA values-- that are typically assumed to be correlated for a series of electron acceptors-- are not always correlated. Several highly efficient and selective methods were developed for the further functionalization of selected trifluoromethyl fullerenes (TMFs). These new functionalized TMFs were structurally characterized using the aforementioned analytical techniques and the X-ray crystal structures of five new derivatized TMFs were determined. Analysis of the how these newly derivatized TMFs pack in a crystalline solid revealed fullerene density values that were in general twice that of reported fullerenes that pack in the same motifs. These derivatized TMFs also exhibited extended networks of short C···C distances between fullerene cages of adjacent molecules that has been correlated to increased free charge carrier motilities in organic photovoltaic device active layers. The solution phase E1/2 values of the most commonly used fullerene derivatives in OPV devices were measured under carefully controlled conditions and revealed that poor reporting of electrochemical conditions, mistakes interpreting electrochemical data, and fullerene impurities have combined to cause significant confusion about the reported electrochemical values in the literature. A preliminary study of 32 OPV devices fabricated with active layers containing perfluoroalkylfullerenes (PFAFs) indicated that (i) PFAFs can function as suitable electron acceptors in OPVs, and (ii) that a more detailed study examining the complex electronic interplay between the fullerene electron acceptor and polymer donor is warranted

Criminal Procedure—Filing by Information: Determination of Probable Cause Required Before Extended Restraint on Liberty—Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103 (1975)

Robert Pugh was arrested in Florida without a warrant and charged by prosecutor\u27s information. Pugh and other incarcerated arrestees charged by information without a preliminary hearing brought a class action suit in federal district court challenging the constitutionality of the charging procedure. Plaintiffs maintained that the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment required that accused persons be accorded a determination of probable cause for detention soon after their arrest. They also argued that the prosecuting attorney was not sufficiently neutral or detached to make the necessary determination. The district court accepted the plaintiffs\u27 arguments, and the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari, and affirmed the Fifth Circuit\u27s decision in part and reversed in part. Held: Although pretrial detention pursuant to the filing of an information without a judicial determination of probable cause is an unconstitutional violation of the fourth amendment guarantee against unreasonable seizures, that determination need not be made at an adversary proceeding. Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103 (1975). This note analyzes the Court\u27s conclusion that adversary safeguards are not required during proceedings conducted to determine whether probable cause exists to hold an arrestee for trial. The Gerstein Court held that a finding of probable cause to arrest is sufficient to justify extended pretrial detention, so long as the existence of probable cause is determined by a neutral magistrate. It is submitted, however, that the Court erred in looking exclusively to the fourth amendment to determine the procedure and standards required in the Gerstein situation. Although the fourth amendment analysis is relevant in the context of the initial arrest, it is not relevant in the context of extended detention

Infrasonic observations of large-scale HE events

The Los Alamos Infrasound Program has been operating since about mid-1982, making routine measurements of low frequency atmospheric acoustic propagation. Generally, the authors work between 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz; however, much of the work is concerned with the narrower range of 0.5 to 5.0 Hz. Two permanent stations, St. George, UT, and Los Alamos, NM, have been operational since 1983, collecting data 24 hours a day. For the purposes of this discussion, the authors concentrate on their measurements of large, high explosive (HE) events at ranges of 250 km to 5330 km. Because their equipment is well suited for mobile deployments, they can easily establish temporary observing sites for special events. The measurements are from the permanent sites, as well as from various temporary sites. A few observations that are typical of the full data set are given