7 research outputs found

    General Schema Theory for Genetic Programming with Subtree-Swapping Crossover

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    In this paper a new, general and exact schema theory for genetic programming is presented. The theory includes a microscopic schema theorem applicable to crossover operators which replace a subtree in one parent with a subtree from the other parent to produce the offspring. A more macroscopic schema theorem is also provided which is valid for crossover operators in which the probability of selecting any two crossover points in the parents depends only on their size and shape. The theory is based on the notions of Cartesian node reference systems and variable-arity hyperschemata both introduced here for the first time. In the paper we provide examples which show how the theory can be specialised to specific crossover operators and how it can be used to derive an exact definition of effective fitness and a size-evolution equation for GP.

    Ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) em dietas para tilápia-do-nilo: desempenho produtivo, composição química e perfil de ácidos graxos Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in Nile tilapia diets: productive performance, chemical and fatty acids composition

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    Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da adição de CLA na dieta sobre o desempenho produtivo, a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos de tilápia-do-nilo. Foram utilizados 80 peixes revertidos, com 109 ± 10 g, distribuídos em oito tanques (0,8 m³ cada), em densidade de 10 peixes/tanque, durante 90 dias. Avaliou-se a inclusão na dieta de 2% de CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brasil) com 60% dos isômeros (cis-9,trans-11 e trans-10,cis-12) e 40% do veículo (ácido oléico e outros ácidos graxos). Como dieta utilizou-se ração comercial extrusada, com 29% PB e 3.000 kcal ED/kg de ração. Ao final do experimento, todos os peixes foram utilizados para avaliação do desempenho, da composição química e do perfil de ácidos graxos no fígado e nos filés. A taxa de eficiência protéica, o rendimento de carcaça, o índice hepatossomático e a gordura visceral não diferiram com a adição de CLA a dieta. A adição de CLA a dieta promoveu melhora no ganho de peso, aumento no consumo e melhora na conversão alimentar. Os peixes alimentados com dietas com adição de CLA apresentaram aumento na composição de ácidos graxos saturados e redução dos ácidos graxos n-6 nos filés. Houve também aumento na composição de ácidos graxos n-3 e de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados totais no fígado. Houve aumento da proteína nos filés de tilápias alimentadas com dietas enriquecidas com CLA. O uso do CLA melhora variáveis de desempenho produtivo, afeta o metabolismo e a proporção dos ácidos graxos nos filés e fígados e aumenta proteína nos filés em tilápia-do-nilo.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of CLA in the diet on Nile tilapia productive performance, chemical and fatty acids composition. Eighty reversed fish with 109 ± 10 g were used, distributed in eight tanks (0.8 m³ each) in density of ten fishes/tank, during 90 days. It was evaluated the inclusion in the diets of 2% of CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brazil) with 60% of isomers (cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12) and 40% of vehicle (oleic acid and other fatty acids). As diets, a commercial extruded ration with 29% CP and 3000 kcal DE/kg of ration was used. At the end of the experiment all fishes were used for the evaluation of performance, of chemical composition and profile of fatty acids on liver and fillets. No differences for protein efficiency ratio, carcass yield, hepatosomatic index and visceral fat, were observed with the addition of CLA in the diet. The addition of CLA in the diet improved weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Fishes fed diets with addition of CLA showed an increase in saturated fatty acids composition, reduction in n-6 fatty acids in the fillets and increase in n-3 fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids composition in the liver. There was an increase of protein in fillets of tilapia fed with rations enriched with CLA. CLA utilization improve productive performance, affect the fatty acids metabolism and pattern in fillets and liver and increase the body protein of Nile tilapia

    Wetlands in the tidal freshwater zone

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    Cycling and retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetlands: a theoretical and applied perspective

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