Analytical Investigation of the Effects of Secondary Structural Members on the Structural Behaviors of Transmission Towers

High-voltage transmission towers consist of structures that are designed to avoid the risk of electric shock and prevent the risk of collapse. Hence, for efficiency, they are generally designed as high-rise towers. The main tower posts are the primary structural members that resist loads under various load conditions. Therefore, the contribution of the secondary members to securing the stiffness and strength of the main posts by reducing the effective buckling length is an important one. However, we lack detailed secondary member design criteria. In this study, we observed the structural effects of the horizontal members and braces on the torsional stiffness, elastic buckling strength, and load-carrying capacity of a transmission tower using various structural analysis methods, including linear elastic, eigenvalue, and geometric nonlinear and inelastic analyses, under governing load combinations. According to the analytical results, it is the brace spacing rather than the horizontal members that substantially affects the structural performance. Therefore, we can minimize the number of horizontal members if we erect sufficient brace members. If the brace spacing is wide, then the horizontal members should be erected to create K bracing, thereby enhancing the buckling resistance of the main posts

FDG uptake according to various clinicopathologic factors.

FDG uptake according to various clinicopathologic factors.</p

Representative immunohistochemistry images of AR expression.

(A) AR expression < 1%, (B) 3%, (C) 65%, (D) 90%.</p

Univariate and multivariate analyses for determining SUV_max.

Univariate and multivariate analyses for determining SUVmax.</p

Glycolysis-related genes from the REACTOME_GLYCOLYSIS.

(DOCX)</p

Androgen receptor expression according to clinicopathologic characteristics.

Androgen receptor expression according to clinicopathologic characteristics.</p

Correlations among AR, SUV_max, and glycolysis-associated genes expressions analyzed using GSE135565 database.

SUVmax was well correlated with glycolysis score (A). A negative correlation between AR expression and SUVmax was observed (B). The AR expression is inversely correlated with glycolysis score (C). AR, expression level of androgen receptor gene; Glycolysis score indicates how close gene expression pattern of a sample is, to expected expression pattern of the glycolysis-related gene set.</p

Difference of SUV_max according to AR status in FDG PET analysis.

SUVmax is higher in AR-negative than in AR-positive TNBC. Violin plots indicate the distribution of SUVmax according to the AR positivity. Box plot inside the violin plot denotes median value as a central line within a box, 25 percentile and 75 percentile value as an outline of a box and minimum and maximal number are marked as error bar with outliers marked separately. AR, androgen receptor expression on immunohistochemistry.</p

SUV_max according to androgen receptor status with varying cutoff values for androgen receptor positivity.

AR: androgen receptor. (DOCX)</p

Patient characteristics.

Patient characteristics.</p