Efeito da enxertia e do nematoide Meloidogyne exigua sobre o crescimento radicular e a produtividade de cafeeiros

The State of Rio de Janeiro was once the main coffee producer in Brazil, but the infestation of nematodes (Meloidogyne exigua) has caused the production decline since the nineteenth century. The use of resistant cultivars is the main measure nematode control, and the resistant genotypes can be used both grafted or not. Coffea canephora is nematode resistant and it has a more developed root system compared to C. arabica. In this study, we evaluated the root development and yield of different cultivars of C. arabica grafted (on Apoatã IAC 2258) or not, established in areas infested (CN) by, or free (SN) of M. exigua. The genotypes in the CN area had shorter roots than those in the SN area. The not-grafted Tupi and Catuai red 144 showed thicker roots in the CN area, but they were the thinner when grafted. In the CN area the average yield of six seasons for not-grafted susceptible genotypes was up to 55% less than of those genotypes grafted on IAC Apoatã 2258. In the SN area the grafted genotypes produced 41.2% less than the not-grafted ones. O estado do Rio de Janeiro já se destacou como principal produtor de café do País, tendo a infestação dos nematoides de galhas (Meloidogyne exigua) provocado a decadência da cafeicultura desde o século XIX. O uso de cultivares resistentes é a principal medida de controle dos nematoides, podendo-se usar materiais resistentes em pés- francos ou enxertados. Além de resistência aos nematoides, a espécie Coffea canephora apresenta um sistema radicular mais desenvolvido quando comparado a C. arabica, o que pode contribuir para incremento na produção. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento radicular e a produtividade de diferentes genótipos de C. arabica em pés -francos e enxertados (sobre IAC Apoatã 2258), numa área isenta (SN) e em outra infestada (CN) por M. exigua. Os genótipos da área CN apresentaram menores valores de comprimento de raiz quando comparados à área SN. Os genótipos em pés- francos Tupi e Catuaí vermelho 144 na área CN apresentaram maiores valores de diâmetro das raízes e menores valores quando enxertados. A produtividade média de seis safras de genótipos em pés- francos suscetíveis a M. exigua produziram até 2,47 vezes menos quando comparada aos genótipos enxertados sobre IAC Apoatã 2258, na área CN e os genótipos, quando enxertados, produziram até 41,2% menos que em pés-francos, na área SN

age-period-cohort effects on the temporal trend mortality from male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019

The available files represent the records of deaths by suicide in men in Brazil and its major regions in the period from 1980 to 2019, in addition to the number of deaths after the correction process for the quality and coverage of deaths, for total suicides and suicides by weapon. of fire. The database for total and firearm suicides, represents the number of corrected deaths presented in age groups and periods grouped into five-year periods, which were used to carry out the analyzes of the effect of age, period and cohort, for total suicides and by weapon. of fire for Brazil and its great regions.

The influence of the age-period-cohort effects on male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019

Suicide is a complex and multi-determined phenomenon. Higher rates are observed in men and are related to multiple risk factors, including mental disorders, financial crises, unemployment, and easy access to highly lethal means of perpetration, such as firearms. We studied the effects of age, period, and cohort (APC) on total and firearm-related suicides in men in Brazil and its major regions from 1980 to 2019. Death records were extracted from the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s Mortality Information System. Estimable functions were used to estimate APC models, through the Epi library of the R statistical program, version 4.2.1. During the study period, Brazil had an average rate of 10.22 deaths per 100,000 men. Among regions, rates ranged from 8.62 (Northeast) to 16.93 (South). The same profile was observed in suicides by firearms. After estimating the APC models, we observed a temporal trend of increasing total suicides for Brazil and regions, except for the South region, where the trend was stationary. The trend was downward for firearm suicides for all locations. A positive gradient was observed in the mortality rate with advancing age for total suicides; and peak incidence between 20–29 years, with subsequent stabilization, for suicides perpetrated by firearms. There was a reduction in the risk of death for suicides perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference period (1995–1999) for all locations, except in the North region, where the effect was not significant. The younger generations from the 1960s onwards had a higher risk of death from total suicide and a lower risk for those perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference cohort (1950–1954). We observed a reduction in the mortality trend for suicides perpetrated by firearms, a reduction in the risk of death in the 2000s and for men born after 1960. Our results suggest reducing the risk of death from suicide by firearms in Brazil and regions. However, there is an upward trend in mortality from total suicides in the study period (1980–2019) and for younger cohorts

Mortality rates by age group, per 100,000 men, adjusted for period and cohort effect, for total suicide by firearms, from 1980 to 2019, Brazil and its major regions.

Mortality rates by age group, per 100,000 men, adjusted for period and cohort effect, for total suicide by firearms, from 1980 to 2019, Brazil and its major regions.</p

Suicide by firearms mortality rates per 100,000 men in Brazil, according to age group, period, and cohort, from 1980 to 2019.

Suicide by firearms mortality rates per 100,000 men in Brazil, according to age group, period, and cohort, from 1980 to 2019.</p

Death records from the Mortality Information System of the SUS Information Technology Department (SIM/DATASUS), according to ICD-9 and ICD-10.

Death records from the Mortality Information System of the SUS Information Technology Department (SIM/DATASUS), according to ICD-9 and ICD-10.</p

Firearm suicide rates among Brazilian men, smoothed by three-year mean averages, according to major Brazilian regions, from 1980 to 2019.

Firearm suicide rates among Brazilian men, smoothed by three-year mean averages, according to major Brazilian regions, from 1980 to 2019.</p

Total Suicide mortality rates per 100,000 men in in major Brazilian regions according to age, period, and cohort, from 1980 to 2019.

Total Suicide mortality rates per 100,000 men in in major Brazilian regions according to age, period, and cohort, from 1980 to 2019.</p

Suicide by hanging rates among Brazilian men, smoothed by three-year mean averages, according to major Brazilian regions, from 1980 to 2019.

Suicide by hanging rates among Brazilian men, smoothed by three-year mean averages, according to major Brazilian regions, from 1980 to 2019.</p

Deviance an p-value analysis in sequential construction of age, period, and cohort models for suicides by firearms in men, according to Brazil its major regions, from 1980 to 2019.

Deviance an p-value analysis in sequential construction of age, period, and cohort models for suicides by firearms in men, according to Brazil its major regions, from 1980 to 2019.</p