Continued operation of a raingage network for collection, reduction, and analysis of precipitation data for Lake Michigan diversion accounting: water year 1999

"Final report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District and U.S. Geological Survey on contracts DACW 23-92-C-0019 and 1434-95-C-30251.""May 2000.

Continued operation of a 25-raingage network for collection, reduction, and analysis of precipitation data for Lake Michigan diversion accounting: Water year 2002

"Final report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District and U.S. Geological Survey.""February 2003.

Operation, maintenance, and upgrade of a 25-raingage network for collection, reduction, and analysis of precipitation data for Lake Michigan diversion accounting: water year 2001

"Final report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District.""February 2002.

Continued operation of a 25-raingage network for collection, reduction, and analysis of precipitation data for Lake Michigan diversion accounting: Water year 2000

"Final report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District and U.S. Geological Survey and Mead and Hunt.

Continued operation of a raingage network for collection, reduction, analysis of precipitation data for Lake Michigan diversion accounting: water year 1998

"Atmospheric Sciences Division, Office of Cloud and Precipitation Research.""Final report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District and U.S. Geological Survey.

Continued Operation of a 25-Raingage Network for Collection, Reduction, and Analysis of Precipitation Data for Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting Water Year 2016

A dense raingage network has operated in Cook County since the fall of 1989 to provide accurate precipitation measurements for use in simulating runoff for Lake Michigan diversion accounting. This report describes the network design, the operations and maintenance procedures, the data reduction and quality control methodology, and an analysis of precipitation for WY 2016 (October 2015–September 2016). The data analyses include: 1) monthly and WY 2016 amounts at all sites, 2) WY 2016 amounts compared to patterns from network WYs 1990–2015, and 3) the 26-year network precipitation average for WYs 1990–2016. Also included are raingage site descriptions, instructions for raingage technicians, documentation of raingage maintenance, and documentation of high storm totals.published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Nancy Hale Correspondence

Entries include letters and a lengthy biographical newspaper clipping

Summary of the VIN Field Program: Summer 1979

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Factors associated with anemia among women of the reproductive age group in Thatta district: Study protocol

Background: Maternal anemia is a leading public health issue placing pregnant women at higher risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, perinatal mortality, and neonatal mortality. Women in developing countries are at higher risk of anemia which could be either due to micronutrient deficiencies, hemoglobinopathies, infections or other socio-demographic factors. Thus, it is highly essential to explore the factors of anemia among women of the reproductive age group in order to design suitable interventions. The primary objective of this study is to assess the biological and socio-demographic factors that are associated with anemia among the women of the reproductive age group in Thatta district.Methods: An exploratory mixed method study using quantitative and qualitative approaches will be conducted in district Thatta Pakistan from September 2018 to January 2019. In the qualitative phase, data will be collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews to understand the perceptions of women, their husbands and healthcare providers about anemia. In addition, a quantitative approach using cross-sectional study will be conducted to determine biological and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia. Approximately 150 non-pregnant women and their spouses will be included in the quantitative component of the study. In addition to thematic analysis for the qualitative component, Logistic regression will be done to calculate adjusted Odds ratios with their respective 95% CIs to assess the factors associated with anemia.Discussion: The better understanding of biological, socio-demographic factors and community perceptions of anemia will help us to design strategies and interventions to better address anemia during the reproductive cycle in rural areas of Pakistan. This will help the researchers and policymakers to take the appropriate action accordingly by designing suitable approaches to address the specific type of anemia in the rural population of Pakistan. This will, in turn, reduce the chances of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes associated with anemia

Exchangeable zinc pool size at birth in Pakistani small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age infants do not differ but are lower than in US infants

Objectives: Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are more susceptible to infectious morbidity and growth faltering compared to their appropriate for gestational age (AGA) counterparts. Zinc supplementation of SGA infants may be beneficial but the underlying susceptibility to zinc deficiency of SGA infants has not been examined.Methods: In a community-based, observational, longitudinal study in a peri-urban settlement of Karachi, Pakistan, we compared the size of the exchangeable zinc pools (EZPs) in term SGA and AGA infants at birth and at 6 months of age, hypothesizing that the EZP would be lower in the SGA group. To measure EZP size, a zinc stable isotope was intravenously administered within 48 hours of birth (n = 17 and 22) at 6 months (n = 11 and 14) in SGA and AGA infants, respectively. Isotopic enrichment in urine was used to determine EZP.Results: No significant difference was detected in the mean (±standard deviation) EZP between SGA and AGA infants at birth, with values of 9.8 ± 3.5 and 10.1 ± 4.1 mg/kg, respectively (P = 0.86), or at 6 months. Longitudinal EZP measurements demonstrated a significant decline in EZP relative to body weight in both groups at 6 months (P \u3c 0.001). Mean EZP (adjusted for body weight) size at birth for the combined Pakistani groups was significantly lower than AGA infants at birth in the United States (P = 0.017).Conclusions: These results did not support a difference in zinc endowment between SGA and AGA Pakistani infants. They, however, do suggest lower in utero zinc transfer to the fetus in a setting where poor maternal nutritional status may confer a high susceptibility to postnatal zinc deficiency