Healthcare financing in Egypt: a systematic literature review

Background: The Egyptian healthcare system has multiple stakeholders, including a wide range of public and private healthcare providers and several financing agents. This study sheds light on the healthcare system’s financing mechanisms and the flow of funds in Egypt. It also explores the expected challenges facing the system with the upcoming changes.// Methods: We conducted a systematic review of relevant papers through the PubMed and Scopus search engines, in addition to searching gray literature through the ISPOR presentations database and the Google search engine. Articles related to Egypt’s healthcare system financing from 2009 to 2019 were chosen for full-text review. Data were aggregated to estimate budgets and financing routes.// Results: We analyzed the data of 56 out of 454 identified records. Governmental health expenditure represented approximately one-third of the total health expenditure (THE). Total health expenditure as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP) was almost stagnant in the last 12 years, with a median of 5.5%. The primary healthcare financing source is out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure, representing more than 60% of THE, followed by government spending through the Ministry of Finance, around 37% of THE. The pharmaceutical expenditure as a percent of THE ranged from 26.0 to 37.0%.// Conclusions: Although THE as an absolute number is increasing, total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP is declining. The Egyptian healthcare market is based mainly on OOP expenditures and the next period anticipates a shift toward more public spending after Universal Health Insurance gets implemented

A prospective multicentre study evaluating the outcomes of the abdominal wall dehiscence repair using posterior component separation with transversus abdominis muscle release reinforced by a retro-muscular mesh: filling a step

Background This study aimed to evaluate the results of posterior component separation (CS) and transversus abdominis muscle release (TAR) with retro-muscular mesh reinforcement in patients with primary abdominal wall dehiscence (AWD). The secondary aims were to detect the incidence of postoperative surgical site occurrence and risk factors of incisional hernia (IH) development following AWD repair with posterior CS with TAR reinforced by retromuscular mesh. Methods Between June 2014 and April 2018, 202 patients with grade IA primary AWD (Björck’s first classification) following midline laparotomies were treated using posterior CS with TAR release reinforced by a retro-muscular mesh in a prospective multicenter cohort study. Results The mean age was 42 ± 10 years, with female predominance (59.9%). The mean time from index surgery (midline laparotomy) to primary AWD was 7 ± 3 days. The mean vertical length of primary AWD was 16 ± 2 cm. The median time from primary AWD occurrence to posterior CS + TAR surgery was 3 ± 1 days. The mean operative time of posterior CS + TAR was 95 ± 12 min. No recurrent AWD occurred. Surgical site infections (SSI), seroma, hematoma, IH, and infected mesh occurred in 7.9%, 12.4%, 2%, 8.9%, and 3%, respectively. Mortality was reported in 2.5%. Old age, male gender, smoking, albumin level < 3.5 gm%, time from AWD to posterior CS + TAR surgery, SSI, ileus, and infected mesh were significantly higher in IH. IH rate was 0.5% and 8.9% at two and three years, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the predictors of IH were time from AWD till posterior CS + TAR surgical intervention, ileus, SSI, and infected mesh. Conclusion Posterior CS with TAR reinforced by retro-muscular mesh insertion resulted in no AWD recurrence, low IH rates, and low mortality of 2.5%. Trial registration Clinical trial: NCT05278117

"The Bauhaus school and its impact on interior design and fashion design"

Research TitleThe Bauhaus school and its impact on interior design and fashion designThis research is submitted toArchitecture, Art and Humanistic Science MagazineParticipant Name:Prof. Dr. / Amr Gamal HassounaProfessor of design in Readymade fashion Department,Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan [email protected] / Wessam Hussein Korany,Lecturer at the Higher Institute of Applied Arts, 6th of [email protected] Introduction:In the German city of Weimar, in 1919, a foundation of books was created to add The modernity on the 20th century in all fields like the Architecture, and everything related to the design of the applied and industrial arts, such as furniture, daily use tools, lighting units, advertisements, interior design and fashion design.One of the most important principles of the founders of the school “Gropius” is the application of the product analysis method to its primary elements and many furniture factories followed later his ideas. Consequently, fashion designers were influenced by the architectural sense in their works as there are some who were influenced and produced geometric designs in a clear manner, and the geometric shapes were both regular like circle and cube. Research Importance:• Take advantage of the design lines of the Bauhaus School in contemporary designs for both interior design and fashion design. • Studying the design theory and the Principles of the Bauhaus School and the stages of creativity in modern design thought. Research Problem: Do not link the effect of the intellectual trend Bauhaus on both the interior design and fashion design the design of the garment, with of each.Research Methodology: Analytical description of the direction of Bauhaus school thought.Research objectives: • Study the influence of the Bauhaus School Principles on interior design and furniture and its reflection on fashion design in this time period.• Creating fashion designs bearing the characteristics and features of the Bauhaus School.Theoretical Research Results and Recommendations: Keywords: Bauhaus, Interior design and furniture, fashion desig

Development of Plastering Robot

Plastering is the plasterwork which is known as ornamentation done by plasterers on walls. The advantages of using this machine are for saving in man power and cycle time. The building construction is time consuming sector because lot of work is labor based there is too much shortage of skilled labor, increase in labor cost and technological advances are forcing rapid change in the construction of building. Building construction mainly consists of commercial infrastructure and residential building, plastering work is a must in every sector. This innovative idea is to render the mortar on walls automatically. The aim of this robot is to reduce the work of plasterer (worker). It is feasible, inexpensive and simple structure comparing to the existing machine. We are modifying a current design that was made by last year students in Future University in Egypt [1], we dealt with its mechanical problems and developed it to be able to plaster even on non-flat terrains, changed its control to make it easier to apply more features to the robot in the future and added a sensor to know the horizontality of robot before beginning the plastering operation.Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdellatif Dr. Hussuien Foua

The clinical value of measuring antiphospholipid antibodies in high risk primigravidae and nullipara, a case control study

Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune thrombophilic condition that is marked by the presence in blood of antibodies that recognize and attack phospholipid-binding proteins, rather than phospholipid itself. The clinical manifestations of APS include vascular thrombosis and pregnancy complications, especially recurrent spontaneous miscarriages and, less frequently maternal thrombosis. Obstetric manifestations of APS are not restricted to fetal loss. Current APS criteria include preterm labour, oligohydramnios, neonatal complications as prematurity-estimated at 30-60% and more common in SLE patients, intrauterine growth restriction “IUGR”, fetal distress and rarely fetal or neonatal thrombosis, associated maternal obstetric complications as pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and HELLP syndrome, arterial or venous thrombosis and other aPL-related complications as placental insufficiency.Methods: The study included 90 primigravida and nullipara during their first trimester antenatal care visits, divided into 2 groups after signing a well-informed consent to declare their willing to participate in the study. All selected cases and control group were subjected to demographic data, thorough history taking, clinical examination focused on arterial blood pressure, body mass index, laboratory investigations fasting and random blood glucose level, serum analysis of anti-phospholipid anti bodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) including anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL), anti β2-glycoprotein I antibodies (Anti β2 GPI) and citrated sample for lupus anticoagulant test (LA).Results: We can conclude from the current study that aPLs namely lupus anticoagulant is significantly more common in high risk primigravidae having obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus than those without risk factors.Conclusions: aPLs antibodies as lupus anticoagulant is significantly more common in high risk primigravidae having obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus than those without risk factors.

Modelling, Simulation, and Implementing ROS for Autonomous Navigation of Tracked Robot

This paper presents autonomous navigation and its implementation based on Robotic Operating System (ROS) for a non-holonomic autonomous tracked robot, whereas it handles a full design, implementation, dynamic modeling, and kinematic modeling of the robot. This paper applies robot localization using Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization (AMCL) which uses a particle filter to track the pose of a robot against a known map. It also uses mapping based on the mapping package. It provides laser-based SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) mapping. The LIDAR is used to create a 2-D occupancy grid map. Path planning is established using the Dijkstra algorithm to plan a path to a goal position, using a persistent map created by the robot during the mapping process. Also, the robot was equipped with a camera module for image processing and detection of different objects for security purposes. The proposed system shows its capability for adaptation to road segments of different curvatures and the transitions between them