"proszę księdza - ja naprawdę Go szukałem" : religijne rozterki w poezji Zbigniewa Herberta

Artykuł jest jeszcze jedną próbą odczytania poezji Zbigniewa Herberta pod kątem obecności motywów religijnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stosunku do chrześcijańskich obrzędów i praktyki uczestnictwa w nich. Rozważania odnoszę się do wierszy z różnych okresów twórczości poety - od roku 1949 począwszy, na "Epilogu burzy" kończąc. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na złożoność problemu religijności w Herbertowskiej poezji: upraszczanie wiary przez stereotypy religijne, wewnętrzne rozdarcie między wiarą a niemożnością odnalezienia się w konkretnej religii. Inspiracjami do niniejszych rozważań były teksty Tomasza Garbola, Aleksandra Fiuta, Andrzeja Franaszka, Stanisława BarańczakaThe article is yet another attempt at reading Zbigniew Herbert’s poetry from the point of view of religious motifs, with emphasis on the attitude towards Christian rituals and the practice of taking part in them. In the discussion, I refer to poems from different periods of the poet’s artistic life - beginning with 1949 up to the "Epilog burzy" volume. The aim of the article is to point up the complexity of the problem of religiosity in Herbert’s poetry: simplifying faith through religious stereotypes, the inner conflict between faith and the inability to find one’s place in any particular religion. The discussion was inspired by texts by Tomasz Garbol, Aleksander Fiut, Andrzej Franaszek and Stanisław Barańczak

„proszę księdza – ja naprawdę Go szukałem”. Religijne rozterki w poezji Zbigniewa Herberta

The article is yet another attempt at reading Zbigniew Herbert’s poetry from the point of view of religious motifs, with emphasis on the attitude towards Christian rituals and the practice of taking part in them. In the discussion, I refer to poems from different periods of the poet’s artistic life – beginning with 1949 up to the Epilog burzy volume. The aim of the article is to point up the complexity of the problem of religiosity in Herbert’s poetry: simplifying faith through religious stereotypes, the inner conflict between faith and the inability to find one’s place in any particular religion. The discussion was inspired by texts by Tomasz Garbol, Aleksander Fiut, Andrzej Franaszek and Stanisław Barańcza

Proces Boloński i powstanie Europejskiego Obszaru Szkolnictwa Wyższego

The essential objective of the Bologna Process was the launching o f a competitive and attractive European Higher Education Area (EHEA) in 2010. The main aim of the article is to present the most important reforms in Europe’s higher education system as concerns improvement in the quality o f higher education, enhancing mobility o f students and teachers, cooperation, the common three-cycle degree system, system o f credits (ECTS) and employability. The Bologna Process has achieved remarkable results and the participating countries have made significant changes.Celem Procesu Bolońskiego było stworzenie w 2010 roku atrakcyjnego i konkurencyjnego Europejskiego Obszaru Szkolnictwa Wyższego. (EOSW). Artykuł miał zaprezentować najważniejsze reformy w europejskich systemach szkolnictwa wyższego, które dotyczyły: zwiększenia jakości w szkolnictwie wyższym, poprawienia mobilności wśród studentów i nauczycieli, współpracy, systemu wspólnych trzystopniowych studiów, wykorzystania systemu punktów (ECTS) oraz zatrudnialności. Proces Boloński osiągnął znaczące rezultaty, a państwa uczestniczące w nim dokonały istotnych zmian

Lurasidone — novel atypical neuroleptic with antidepressant activity

Lurasidon to nowy lek przeciwpsychotyczny II generacji (SGA) o dodatkowej aktywności przeciwdepresyjnej, zatwierdzony przez Food and Drug Administration do leczenia schizofrenii i objawów depresyjnych w przebiegu choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej (ChAD). Podobnie jak inne, atypowe neuroleptyki, lurasidon posiada wysokie powinowactwo do receptorów D2 i 5-HT2A, jak również do 5-HT7 oraz umiarkowane wobec receptorów 5-HT1A i alfa2C. Stosując zwierzęce modele zaburzeń pamięci i uczenia wykazano, że lurasidon poprawia funkcje poznawcze zaburzone podaniem MK-801 czy fencyklidyny oraz przejawia aktywność przeciwdepresyjną w krótko- i długoterminowych modelach depresji u gryzoni. Skuteczność i profil bezpieczeństwa lurasidonu w aktywnej i przewlekłej fazie schizofrenii oraz epizodów depresyjnych w przebiegu ChAD były szacowane w kilkunastu randomizowanych, wykonanych metodą podwójnie ślepej próby badaniach klinicznych, z wykorzystaniem różnych dawek. Lurasidon w porównaniu z kontrolą (placebo) powodował istotną poprawę w zakresie redukcji objawów pozytywnych i negatywnych schizofrenii oraz osiowych objawów depresji w przebiegu ChAD. Lurasidon jest dobrze tolerowany; do najczęściej obserwowanych działań niepożądanych należą: nudności, senność i akatyzje (5–15%). W porównaniu z innymi SGA, lurasidon wywiera słabszy wpływ na parametry metaboliczne, powodując nieznaczny przyrost masy ciała u pacjentów, klinicznie nieistotne zmiany w stężeniu glukozy, lipidów czy długości odcinka QT. Wygodne dawkowanie (raz dziennie z posiłkiem) oraz poszerzony profil aktywności czynią z lurasidonu konkurencyjnego kandydata w farmakoterapii chorób psychicznych.Lurasidone is a novel second generation antipsychotic (SGA) with antidepressant-like activity, approved by FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia and depressive symptoms in the bipolar disorder type 1 (BP I). Similar to other atypical antipsychotics, lurasidon has a potent affinity for D2, 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors, and moderate for 5-HT1A and alfa2C ones. Using animal models of learning and memory it has been shown that lurasidone displays ability to improve memory dysfunctions caused by MK-801 or fencyclidine and evokes potential antidepressant activity in short- and long-term rodent models of depression. The efficacy and tolerability of lurasidone for treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenia as well as major depressive episodes occurring in BP I have been evaluated in few double-blind randomized, fixed-dose clinical trials. Lurasidone, compared to placebo, showed a significantly greater improvement in reduction of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and core symptoms of depression in BP I. Lurasidone is well tolerated; nausea, somnolence and akathisia are the most common adverse effects (with 5–15% of frequency). In comparison to other SGA, lurasidone seems to have no significant influence on metabolic parameters like glucose and lipids level or QT lenght, producing only slight weight gain in patients. Comfortable dosing (once daily with meal) and wider activity profile make lurasidone a competitive candidate for pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders

ADN-1184, a monoaminergic ligand with 5-HT_{6/7} receptor antagonist action, exhibits activity in animal models of anxiety

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) include apathy, sleep problems, irritability, wandering, elation, agitation/aggression, and mood disorders such as depression and/or anxiety. Elderly patients are usually treated with second-generation antipsychotics; however, they present not enough efficacy against all symptoms observed. Hence, there still is an unmet need for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents targeted BPSD. A novel arylsulfonamide derivative ADN-1184 has been developed that possesses a preclinical profile of activity corresponding to criteria required for treatment of both psychosis and depressive symptoms of BPSD without exacerbating cognitive impairment or inducing motor disturbances. To broaden its pharmacological efficacy toward anxiety symptoms, its anxiolytic properties have been examined in common animal preclinical models in rats and mice. ADN-1184 significantly increased the number of entries into open arms measured in the elevated plus-maze test; however, it simultaneously increased parameters of exploratory activity. In the Vogel conflict drinking test, ADN-1184 dose-dependently and significantly increased the number of shocks accepted and the number of licks. Moreover, in mice, it also had specific anxiolytic-like activity in the four-plate test, and only negligible one at a specific mid-range dose measured in the spontaneous marble burying test. The obtained findings reveal that ADN-1184 displays anxiolytic-like activity in animal models of anxiety which employed punished stimuli. In its unusual combination of some anxiolytic action with already proven antipsychotic and antidepressant properties, and lack of any disruptive impact on learning and memory processes and motor coordination, ADN-1184 displays a profile that would be desired for a novel therapeutic for BPSD

Rosuvastatin, sildenafil and their combination in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rat

There is considerable interest in the pleiotropic effects of statins and their potential role in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Previous experimental findings indicate that a combination of lipophilic statins with phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, sildenafil, can offer preventive effects on rat monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. The present study is aimed to assess whether therapeutic regimen provides any benefits. Seven days after pulmonary hypertension induction, hydrophilic rosuvastatin and sildenafil were given 14 days to male Wistar outbred rats. Right ventricular pressure, right ventricle mass and three biomarkers were evaluated after 21 days: brain natriuretic peptide, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and vascular endothelial growth factor. The present study demonstrates that administration of hydrophilic statin with sildenafil results in reduction of pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular pressure. The results of biochemical measurements may suggest that statins play a positive role in right ventricle function or the process of angiogenesis in pulmonary hypertension development

Antipsychotic, antidepressant, and cognitive-impairment properties of antipsychotics : rat profile and implications for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia

Many dementia patients exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD), including psychosis and depression. Although antipsychotics are frequently prescribed off-label, they can have marked side effects. In addition, comparative preclinical studies of their effects are surprisingly scarce, and strategies for discovery of novel pharmacotherapeutics are lacking. We therefore compared eight antipsychotics in rat behavioral tests of psychosis, antidepressant-like activity, and cognitive impairment as a basis for preclinical evaluation of new drug candidates. The methods used in this study include inhibition of MK-801-induced hyperactivity, forced swim test (FST), passive avoidance (PA), spontaneous locomotor activity, and catalepsy. The drugs exhibited antipsychotic-like activity in the MK-801 test but with diverse profiles in the other models. Risperidone impaired PA performance, but with some dose separation versus its actions in the MK-801 test. In contrast, clozapine, olanzapine, lurasidone, and asenapine showed little or no dose separation in these tests. Aripiprazole did not impair PA performance but was poorly active in the MK-801 test. Diverse effects were also observed in the FST: chlorpromazine was inactive and most other drugs reduced immobility over narrow dose ranges, whereas clozapine reduced immobility over a wider dose range, overlapping with antipsychotic activity. Although the propensity of second-generation antipsychotics to produce catalepsy was lower, they all elicited pronounced sedation. Consistent with clinical data, most currently available second-generation antipsychotics induced cognitive and motor side effects with little separation from therapeutic-like doses. This study provides a uniform in vivo comparative basis on which to evaluate future early-stage drug candidates intended for potential pharmacotherapy of BPSD