ERP effects of emotion and size.

<p>(A) Grand mean ERP waveforms for positive, neutral, and negative words of small and large size, collapsed over posterior EPN (ROI) electrodes. Scalp distributions show differences between emotional (positive and negative) and neutral words at indicated time intervals. (B) Grand means at centroparietal LPC electrodes and topographies of the late posterior complex as difference between emotional and neutral words in the indicated time range. (C) Effects of stimulus size on grand means over posterior EPN electrodes and scalp distribution of difference waves between large and small words in the time interval of the early posterior negativity. (D) Grand means for small and large words at centroparietal LPC electrodes and scalp distributions of difference ERPs between large and small words in the interval of the late positive complex.</p

Mean EPN and LPC amplitudes.

<p>Mean amplitudes and Standard Errors of EPN and LPC separately for each emotion category and size conditions.</p

Descriptive statistics (Means and Standard Deviations) of stimulus words.

<p>Descriptive statistics (Means and Standard Deviations) of stimulus words.</p

Mean lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) in the color (left charts) and the position (right charts) conditions.

<p>The three panels from top to bottom are results of the nogo-LRP, the stimulus-locked go-LRP, and the response-locked go-LRP, respectively. In the bottom of each chart the electromyogram is shown for the hand that executed the response or that would have executed the reponse which was inhibited in nogo trials. The four groups of participants were separately designated in each chart: the dotted black line for the Chinese speaker group, the solid black line for the German speaker group, the dashed black line for the Polish speaker group, and the solid gray line for the control group.</p

A simplified diagrammatic depiction of incremental speech production [1], [2].

<p>As soon as the encoding of an utterance constituent is finished at one processing level, it triggers its processing at the ensuing level. Meanwhile, the next constituent is processed at the foregoing level. Different constituents are hence encoded parallel at several processing levels, one constituent at each level, respectively.</p

Mean Reaction Times (RT) in ms and Error Rates in Percentage (Standard Deviations in Parentheses).

<p>Mean Reaction Times (RT) in ms and Error Rates in Percentage (Standard Deviations in Parentheses).</p

Difference waves between go- and nogo-LRP in position conditions.

<p>The difference waves were derived for the three speaker groups, respectively, by subtracting the LRP elicited in the nogo/position condition from the LRP elicited in the go/position condition: the dotted line for the Chinese speaker group, the solid line for the German speaker group, and the dashed line for the Polish speaker group.</p

Examples of the four experimental conditions in a two-choice go/nogo design.

<p>In each trial two pictures were presented one after the other on screen. The first picture, the target, consisted of a colored circle in front of or behind a gray, horizontal oblong. The second picture, the probe, comprised a colored object in front of or behind a gray lattice of iron bars. In the go/color condition the probe color deviated determinably from the target color. In the go/position condition it was the probe position determinably deviating from the target position. In the nogo/color condition the deviated probe color was indeterminable. In the nogo/position condition the probe object was stuck between the iron bars, giving rise to an indeterminable position. Participants were instructed to respond to each condition accordingly with button pressing and speaking.</p

Examples of the face stimuli for the memory training task.

<p>Trainees memorized the target face in the top row. To create distracters for the subsequent test phase different amounts of the target were morphed into the images, ranging from Level 1 with 0% of target morphed into the image of the distracter to Level 8 with 63% of the target morphed into the distracter.</p

Trial sequences from the speed of face cognition training: odd-man-out task (Panel A) and 1-back task (Panel B).

<p>Trial sequences from the speed of face cognition training: odd-man-out task (Panel A) and 1-back task (Panel B).</p