Orthopedic spatial accessibility in major urban areas in Germany.

<p>Subdivisions of major urban areas (e.g. ‘narrow urban’) as defined by the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning in Germany [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171747#pone.0171747.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>]. SD: standard deviation.</p

Data preparation workflow.

<p>SD: standard deviation; min: minutes; iFCA: integrated floating catchment area method.</p

Schematic example of the population allocation process using grid cells in a municipality comprising n = 15 grid cells and a population size of n = 12,000.

<p>Further information are provided within the text.</p

Spatial accessibility of orthopedics in Germany (km2-Grid) with Hot Spot Analysis.

<p>CI: confidence interval.</p

Orthopedic spatial accessibility in major cities (hectare grid cells) in relation to the city average.

<p>∅ AI: mean accessibility index.</p

Large scale map to demonstrate geographic variations of orthopedic accessibility within planning regions.

<p>Large scale map to demonstrate geographic variations of orthopedic accessibility within planning regions.</p

GWR regression coefficients of COPD.

<p>GWR regression coefficients of COPD.</p

Results of the global OLS model.

<p>Significance levels: * <0.05, ** <0.01. ***<0.001.</p

Evaluated combinations of kernel function, bandwidth type and optimization method for COPD.

<p>Significance levels: * <0.05, ** <0.01. ***<0.001.</p

Possible explanatory variables.

<p>Possible explanatory variables.</p