6 research outputs found
Additional file 1 of Deficiency of TOP1MT enhances glycolysis through the stimulation of PDK4 expression in gastric cancer
Additional file 1. Supplementary method. Figure S1. Identification of subclasses identification based on 62 glycolysis-related genes using NMF consensus clustering in TCGA-STAD. (A) Consensus matrix legend; (B) The tracking plot for k = 2–6; (C) The heat-map for K = 2; (D) Consensus matrix heat-map for k = 3–6; (E) The differential expression of glycolytic-related genes between cluster 1 and cluster 2. Figure S2. The results of KEGG and GO enrichment analysis based on DEGs between cluster 1 and cluster 2 in TCGA-STAD. (A) Volcanic map; (B) Heat-map
Mn<sup>2+</sup>-Doped Prussian Blue Nanocubes for Bimodal Imaging and Photothermal Therapy with Enhanced Performance
Prussian
blue (PB) as a clinically adapted agent recently has drawn much attention
in cancer theranostics for potential applications in magnetic resonance
(MR) imaging as well as photothermal cancer treatment. In this work,
we take a closer look at the imaging and therapy performance of PB
agents once they are doped with Mn<sup>2+</sup>. It is found that
Mn<sup>2+</sup>-doped PB nanocubes exhibit increased longitudinal
relaxivity along with enhanced optical absorption red-shifted to the
near-infrared (NIR) region. Those properties make PB:Mn nanocubes
with appropriate surface coatings rather attractive agents for biomedical
imaging and cancer therapy, which have been successfully demonstrated
in our in vivo experiments for effectively tumor ablation
CO<sub>2</sub>/Water-Regulating Transamidation of Urea and Amines
The
process of urea transamidation with amine to urea derivative has been
developed in the presence of both carbon dioxide and water. Through
the present reaction route, not only can the urea derivatives be obtained
in high yield, but also inorganic salt ammonium bicarbonate (ABic)
can be successfully isolated simultaneously from the reaction mixture.
The phase behavior observed in situ by high pressure visual autoclave
illustrated that the reaction occurred in biphasic conditions during
the reaction. A number of verifying tests were conducted to investigate
the role of carbon dioxide and water in the system. It was found that
reaction temperature, total pressure, reaction time, and water played
a crucial role in producing urea derivatives. The further investigation
showed that the transamidation reaction between various amines and
urea occurred successfully without the addition of any other catalysts
in the presence of CO<sub>2</sub> and water. The acidity resulting
from reaction of CO<sub>2</sub> with water facilitated the transamidation
reaction
Antigen-Loaded Upconversion Nanoparticles for Dendritic Cell Stimulation, Tracking, and Vaccination in Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy
A dendritic cell (DC) vaccine, which is based on efficient antigen delivery into DCs and migration of antigen-pulsed DCs to draining lymph nodes after vaccination, is an effective strategy in initiating CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunity for immunotherapy. Herein, antigen-loaded upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are used to label and stimulate DCs, which could be precisely tracked after being injected into animals and induce an antigen-specific immune response. It is discovered that a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), could be adsorbed on the surface of dual-polymer-coated UCNPs <i>via</i> electrostatic interaction, forming nanoparticle–antigen complexes, which are efficiently engulfed by DCs and induce DC maturation and cytokine release. Highly sensitive <i>in vivo</i> upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging of nanoparticle-labeled DCs is successfully carried out, observing the homing of DCs to draining lymph nodes after injection. In addition, strong antigen-specific immune responses including enhanced T cell proliferation, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated responses are induced by a nanoparticle-pulsed DC vaccine, which is promising for DC-based immunotherapy potentially against cancer
Near-Infrared-Triggered Photodynamic Therapy with Multitasking Upconversion Nanoparticles in Combination with Checkpoint Blockade for Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer
While
immunotherapy has become a highly promising paradigm for
cancer treatment in recent years, it has long been recognized that
photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the ability to trigger antitumor immune
responses. However, conventional PDT triggered by visible light has
limited penetration depth, and its generated immune responses may
not be robust enough to eliminate tumors. Herein, upconversion nanoparticles
(UCNPs) are simultaneously loaded with chlorin e6 (Ce6), a photosensitizer,
and imiquimod (R837), a Toll-like-receptor-7 agonist. The obtained
multitasking UCNP-Ce6-R837 nanoparticles under near-infrared (NIR)
irradiation with enhanced tissue penetration depth would enable effective
photodynamic destruction of tumors to generate a pool of tumor-associated
antigens, which in the presence of those R837-containing nanoparticles
as the adjuvant are able to promote strong antitumor immune responses.
More significantly, PDT with UCNP-Ce6-R837 in combination with the
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) checkpoint blockade
not only shows excellent efficacy in eliminating tumors exposed to
the NIR laser but also results in strong antitumor immunities to inhibit
the growth of distant tumors left behind after PDT treatment. Furthermore,
such a cancer immunotherapy strategy has a long-term immune memory
function to protect treated mice from tumor cell rechallenge. This
work presents an immune-stimulating UCNP-based PDT strategy in combination
with CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade to effectively destroy primary tumors
under light exposure, inhibit distant tumors that can hardly be reached
by light, and prevent tumor reoccurrence <i>via</i> the
immune memory effect
Synthesis of Hollow Biomineralized CaCO<sub>3</sub>–Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Cancer Photodynamic Therapy with Reduced Skin Photosensitivity
The
development of activatable nanoplatforms to simultaneously
improve diagnostic and therapeutic performances while reducing side
effects is highly attractive for precision cancer medicine. Herein,
we develop a one-pot, dopamine-mediated biomineralization method using
a gas diffusion procedure to prepare calcium carbonate-polydopamine
(CaCO<sub>3</sub>–PDA) composite hollow nanoparticles as a
multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform. Because of the high sensitivity
of such nanoparticles to pH, with rapid degradation under a slightly
acidic environment, the photoactivity of the loaded photosensitizer,
i.e., chlorin e6 (Ce6), which is quenched by PDA, is therefore increased
within the tumor under reduced pH, showing recovered fluorescence
and enhanced singlet oxygen generation. In addition, due to the strong
affinity between metal ions and PDA, our nanoparticles can bind with
various types of metal ions, conferring them with multimodal imaging
capability. By utilizing pH-responsive multifunctional nanocarriers,
effective in vivo antitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be realized
under the precise guidance of multimodal imaging. Interestingly, at
normal physiological pH, our nanoparticles are quenched and show much
lower phototoxicity to normal tissues, thus effectively reducing skin
damage during PDT. Therefore, our work presents a unique type of biomineralized
theranostic nanoparticles with inherent biocompatibility, multimodal
imaging functionality, high antitumor PDT efficacy, and reduced skin
phototoxicity