Natural light intensity at the bottom of the tanks during the diel cycle (N = 3, mean ± SE).

<p>Natural light intensity at the bottom of the tanks during the diel cycle (N = 3, mean ± SE).</p

PCR primers used in the study.

<p>PCR primers used in the study.</p

Effect of covering behavior on relative expression of <i>PAX 6</i> in <i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i> under photic and aphotic conditions.

<p>Y: covering material present. N: covering material not present. (N = 4, mean ± SE).</p

Number of shells used for covering by <i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i> under photic (Y) or aphotic (N) conditions (N = 16, mean ± SE).

<p>Number of shells used for covering by <i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i> under photic (Y) or aphotic (N) conditions (N = 16, mean ± SE).</p

Relative expression of <i>HSP70</i> in <i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i> with or without the covering material and with or without exposure to a predator (N = 3, mean ± SE).

<p>N refers to without covering material, Y refers to with covering material.</p

Predation on <i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i> with and without covering material (N = 3, mean ± SE).

<p>Predation on <i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i> with and without covering material (N = 3, mean ± SE).</p

Time to first covering of <i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i> and number of shells covered per <i>S. intermedius</i> with or without exposure to a predator (N = 3, mean ± SE).

<p>N refers to without predator exposure, Y refers to in predator exposure.</p

Sex and size traits of the crab <i>Charybdis japonica</i> (N = 3, mean ± SE).

<p>Different letters refer to significant difference of body weight.</p