8b,8c-Diphenyl-2,6-bis(4-pyridyl­meth­yl)­perhydro-2,3a,4a,6,7a,8a-hexa­aza­cyclo­penta­[def]fluorene-4,8-dithione chloro­form solvate

In the thio­glycoluril system of the title compound, C32H30N8S2·CHCl3, the two pyridine rings are roughly parallel, forming a dihedral angle of 7.2 (1)°, and the distance between the centroids of the two phenyl rings is 3.951 (5) Å. The chloro­form solvent mol­ecule is linked to the main mol­ecule via a weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bond

The Genomes of Oryza sativa: A History of Duplications

We report improved whole-genome shotgun sequences for the genomes of indica and japonica rice, both with multimegabase contiguity, or almost 1,000-fold improvement over the drafts of 2002. Tested against a nonredundant collection of 19,079 full-length cDNAs, 97.7% of the genes are aligned, without fragmentation, to the mapped super-scaffolds of one or the other genome. We introduce a gene identification procedure for plants that does not rely on similarity to known genes to remove erroneous predictions resulting from transposable elements. Using the available EST data to adjust for residual errors in the predictions, the estimated gene count is at least 38,000–40,000. Only 2%–3% of the genes are unique to any one subspecies, comparable to the amount of sequence that might still be missing. Despite this lack of variation in gene content, there is enormous variation in the intergenic regions. At least a quarter of the two sequences could not be aligned, and where they could be aligned, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rates varied from as little as 3.0 SNP/kb in the coding regions to 27.6 SNP/kb in the transposable elements. A more inclusive new approach for analyzing duplication history is introduced here. It reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication, a recent segmental duplication on Chromosomes 11 and 12, and massive ongoing individual gene duplications. We find 18 distinct pairs of duplicated segments that cover 65.7% of the genome; 17 of these pairs date back to a common time before the divergence of the grasses. More important, ongoing individual gene duplications provide a never-ending source of raw material for gene genesis and are major contributors to the differences between members of the grass family

Synergy of W₁₈O₄₉ and Polyaniline for Smart Supercapacitor Electrode Integrated with Energy Level Indicating Functionality

Supercapacitors are important energy storage technologies in fields such as fuel-efficient transport and renewable energy. State-of-the-art supercapacitors are capable of supplanting conventional batteries in real applications, and supercapacitors with novel features and functionalities have been sought for years. Herein, we report the realization of a new concept, a smart supercapacitor, which functions as a normal supercapacitor in energy storage and also communicates the level of stored energy through multiple-stage pattern indications integrated into the device. The metal-oxide W₁₈O₄₉ and polyaniline constitute the pattern and background, respectively. Both materials possess excellent electrochemical and electrochromic behaviors and operate in different potential windows, −0.5–0 V (W₁₈O₄₉) and 0–0.8 V (polyaniline). The intricate cooperation of the two materials enables the supercapacitor to work in a widened, 1.3 V window while displaying variations in color schemes depending on the level of energy storage. We believe that our success in integrating this new functionality into a supercapacitor may open the door to significant opportunities in the development of future supercapacitors with imaginative and humanization features