Solubility Isotherms of Gypsum, Hemihydrate, and Anhydrite in the Ternary Systems CaSO₄ + MSO₄ + H₂O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) at <i>T</i> = 298.1 K to 373.1 K

The solubilities of anhydrite in the ternary systems CaSO₄ + MSO₄ + H₂O (M = Co, Ni) were determined through isothermal solution saturation at 348.1 K and 363.1 K. At low bivalent metal sulfate concentrations, anhydrite solubility decreases until it eventually reaches a minimum. Anhydrite solubility subsequently increases with the amount of heavy metal sulfate to a maximum. At this point, further increases in the concentration of metal sulfate decreases the solubility of anhydrite until saturation of the added bivalent metal sulfate. A Pitzer thermodynamic model was selected to predict isopiestic data including calcium sulfate solubilities of the ternary systems CaSO₄ + MSO₄ + H₂O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) from 298.1 K to 373.1 K. The functional dependencies of the MSO₄ (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) ion interaction parameters with temperature were determined, and the third virial parameters were given. The calculated solubilities are in agreement with the available experimental data. Using the Pitzer model and parameters, the solubility isotherms of metastable solid-phase hemihydrate, as well as gypsum and anhydrite, in the CaSO₄ + MSO₄ + H₂O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) systems were predicted over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations

Expression profiles of differentially expressed genes involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.

<p>1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in the X-axis of different expression diagram represent 0_VS_3h, 0_VS_6h, 0_VS_12h, 0_VS_24h, 0_VS_2d, 0_VS_4d, 0_VS_6d.</p

Histogram presentation of clusters of orthologous groups (COG) classification of assembled unigenes mapped from contigs of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.

<p>Histogram presentation of clusters of orthologous groups (COG) classification of assembled unigenes mapped from contigs of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.</p

Enrichment of differentially expressed photosynthesis-related genes in various comparison groups.

<p>‘+’ represents upregulation, and ‘-’ represents upregulation. The numbers between the parentheses represent the total number of upregulated and downregulated genes in the corresponding pathway, respectively.</p

The crosstalk of different functional metabolic and signal transduction pathways that are involved in high temperature tolerance of <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i>.

<p>Red arrows indicate upregulation, green arrows indicate downregulation.</p

Numbers of differentially expressed unigenes in each comparison.

<p>The numbers on each column show the quantity of up- (blue) and down- (yellow) regulated unigenes.</p

Transcriptomic study to understand thermal adaptation in a high temperature-tolerant strain of <i>Pyropia haitanensis</i>

<div><p><i>Pyropia haitanensis</i>, a high-yield commercial seaweed in China, is currently undergoing increasing levels of high-temperature stress due to gradual global warming. The mechanisms of plant responses to high temperature stress vary with not only plant type but also the degree and duration of high temperature. To understand the mechanism underlying thermal tolerance in <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i>, gene expression and regulation in response to short- and long-term temperature stresses (SHS and LHS) was investigated by performing genome-wide high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing for a high temperature tolerant strain (HTT). A total of 14,164 differential expression genes were identified to be high temperature-responsive in at least one time point by high-temperature treatment, representing 41.10% of the total number of unigenes. The present data indicated a decrease in the photosynthetic and energy metabolic rates in HTT to reduce unnecessary energy consumption, which in turn facilitated in the rapid establishment of acclimatory homeostasis in its transcriptome during SHS. On the other hand, an increase in energy consumption and antioxidant substance activity was observed with LHS, which apparently facilitates in the development of resistance against severe oxidative stress. Meanwhile, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, brassinosteroids, and heat shock proteins also play a vital role in HTT. The effects of SHS and LHS on the mechanism of HTT to resist heat stress were relatively different. The findings may facilitate further studies on gene discovery and the molecular mechanisms underlying high-temperature tolerance in <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i>, as well as allow improvement of breeding schemes for high temperature-tolerant macroalgae that can resist global warming.</p></div

Length distribution of all unigenes mapped from contigs of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.

<p>Length distribution of all unigenes mapped from contigs of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.</p

Gene Ontology (GO) classification of assembled unigenes mapped from contigs of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.

<p>Gene Ontology (GO) classification of assembled unigenes mapped from contigs of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.</p

Summary of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.

<p>Summary of the <i>P</i>. <i>haitanensis</i> transcriptome.</p