Effects of Interaction between Cadmium (Cd) and Selenium (Se) on Grain Yield and Cd and Se Accumulation in a Hybrid Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) System

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of cadmium (Cd) and selenium (Se) on their accumulation in three rice cultivars, which remains unclear. The results showed that Se reduced Cd-induced growth inhibition, and increased and decreased Se and Cd concentrations in brown rice, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in all tissues of the hybrid were similar to those in its male parent yet significantly lower than those in its female parent. Selenium reduced Cd accumulation in rice when Cd concentration exceeded 2.0 mg kg^–1; however Se accumulation depended on the levels of Cd exposure. Finally, Cd had minimal effect on Se translocation within the three cultivars. We concluded that Cd concentration in brown rice is a heritable trait, making crossbreeding a feasible method for cultivating high-yield, low-Cd rice cultivars. Selenium effectively decreased the toxicity and accumulation of Cd, and Cd affected Se uptake but not translocation

Statistical results of the three ERP components (* p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001).

<p>Statistical results of the three ERP components (* p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001).</p

fMRI results revealing difficulty and modality effects.

<p>(A) Glass-brain views of fMRI activated areas of A-8 vs. A-4 (p<0.05, family-wise-error corrected). Talairach coordinates of the activated points are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036410#pone-0036410-t007" target="_blank">table 7</a>. (B) Glass-brain views of fMRI activation conjunction between V4/VC and A4/AC (p<0.05, family-wise-error corrected). (C) Glass-brain views of fMRI activation conjunction between V8/VC and A8/AC (p<0.05, family-wise-error corrected). (D) Glass-brain views of fMRI activated areas of A8/AC vs. V8/VC (p<0.05, family-wise-error corrected). Talairach coordinates of the activated points are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036410#pone-0036410-t008" target="_blank">table 8</a>.</p

The brain areas activated in 4-digit visual mental addition, in contrast to the visual control task (family-wise-error corrected p<0.001).

<p>The brain areas activated in 4-digit visual mental addition, in contrast to the visual control task (family-wise-error corrected p<0.001).</p

The brain areas activated in 8-digit auditory mental addition, in contrast to the 4-digit auditory mental addition.

<p>The brain areas activated in 8-digit auditory mental addition, in contrast to the 4-digit auditory mental addition.</p

Behavioral results from the abacus expert performing the mental addition tasks (8-digit and 4-digit addition), as well as the average subjects performing the mental addition tasks (2-digit and 1-digit addition).

<p>Behavioral results from the abacus expert performing the mental addition tasks (8-digit and 4-digit addition), as well as the average subjects performing the mental addition tasks (2-digit and 1-digit addition).</p

fMRI results in visual mental addition.

<p>(A) Glass-brain views of fMRI activated areas of V-4 vs. V-C (p<0.05, family-wise-error corrected). Talairach coordinates of the activated points are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036410#pone-0036410-t003" target="_blank">table 3</a>. (B) Glass-brain views of fMRI activated areas of V-8 vs. V-C (p<0.05, family-wise-error corrected). Talairach coordinates of the activated points are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036410#pone-0036410-t004" target="_blank">table 4</a>.</p

The brain areas activated in 4-digit auditory mental addition, in contrast to the auditory control task (family-wise-error corrected p<0.001).

<p>The brain areas activated in 4-digit auditory mental addition, in contrast to the auditory control task (family-wise-error corrected p<0.001).</p

The brain areas activated in 8-digit auditory mental addition, in contrast to the auditory control task (family-wise-error corrected p<0.001).

<p>The brain areas activated in 8-digit auditory mental addition, in contrast to the auditory control task (family-wise-error corrected p<0.001).</p

Source localization of LPC-2 component.

<p>(A) sLORETA results of the subtraction of LPC-2 traces between V-4 and V-C. (B) sLORETA results of the subtraction of LPC-2 traces between V-8 and V-C.</p