9,291 research outputs found
Educational weight loss interventions in obese and overweight adults with type 2 diabetes : a systematic review and metaâanalysis of randomized controlled trials
Aim
The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing, with most individuals with the disease being overweight or obese. Weight loss can reduce diseaseârelated morbidity and mortality and weight losses of 10â15 kg have been shown to reverse type 2 diabetes. This review aimed to determine the effectiveness of communityâbased educational interventions for weight loss in type 2 diabetes.
Methods
This is a systematic review and metaâanalysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) in obese or overweight adults, aged 18â75 years, with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Primary outcomes were weight and/or BMI. CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched from inception to June 2019. Trials were classified into specified a priori comparisons according to intervention type. A pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) (from baseline to followâup) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) between trial groups (differenceâinâdifference) were estimated through randomâeffects metaâanalyses using the inverse variance method. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2 and publication bias was explored visually using funnel plots.
Results
Some 7383 records were screened; 228 fullâtext articles were assessed and 49 RCTs (n = 12 461 participants) were included in this review, with 44 being suitable for inclusion into the metaâanalysis. Pooled estimates of education combined with lowâcalorie, lowâcarbohydrate meal replacements (SMD = â2.48, 95% CI â3.59, â1.49, I2 = 98%) or diets (SMD = â1.25, 95% CI â2.11, â0.39, I2 = 95%) or lowâfat meal replacements (SMD = â1.15, 95%CI â2.05, â1.09, I2 = 85%) appeared most effective.
Conclusion
Lowâcalorie, lowâcarbohydrate meal replacements or diets combined with education appear the most promising interventions to achieve the largest weight and BMI reductions in people with type 2 diabetes
Particle dynamics of a cartoon dune
The spatio-temporal evolution of a downsized model for a desert dune is
observed experimentally in a narrow water flow channel. A particle tracking
method reveals that the migration speed of the model dune is one order of
magnitude smaller than that of individual grains. In particular, the erosion
rate consists of comparable contributions from creeping (low energy) and
saltating (high energy) particles. The saltation flow rate is slightly larger,
whereas the number of saltating particles is one order of magnitude lower than
that of the creeping ones. The velocity field of the saltating particles is
comparable to the velocity field of the driving fluid. It can be observed that
the spatial profile of the shear stress reaches its maximum value upstream of
the crest, while its minimum lies at the downstream foot of the dune. The
particle tracking method reveals that the deposition of entrained particles
occurs primarily in the region between these two extrema of the shear stress.
Moreover, it is demonstrated that the initial triangular heap evolves to a
steady state with constant mass, shape, velocity, and packing fraction after
one turnover time has elapsed. Within that time the mean distance between
particles initially in contact reaches a value of approximately one quarter of
the dune basis length
Magnetic Incommensurability in Doped Mott Insulator
In this paper we explore the incommensurate spatial modulation of spin-spin
correlations as the intrinsic property of the doped Mott insulator, described
by the model. We show that such an incommensurability is a direct
manifestation of the phase string effect introduced by doped holes in both one-
and two-dimensional cases. The magnetic incommensurate peaks of dynamic spin
susceptibility in momentum space are in agreement with the neutron-scattering
measurement of cuprate superconductors in both position and doping dependence.
In particular, this incommensurate structure can naturally reconcile the
neutron-scattering and NMR experiments of cuprates.Comment: 12 pages (RevTex), five postscript figure
Saltation transport on Mars
We present the first calculation of saltation transport and dune formation on
Mars and compare it to real dunes. We find that the rate at which grains are
entrained into saltation on Mars is one order of magnitude higher than on
Earth. With this fundamental novel ingredient, we reproduce the size and
different shapes of Mars dunes, and give an estimate for the wind velocity on
Mars.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Abelian Varieties with Prescribed Embedding Degree
We present an algorithm that, on input of a CM-field , an integer ,
and a prime , constructs a -Weil number \pi \in \O_K
corresponding to an ordinary, simple abelian variety over the field \F of
elements that has an \F-rational point of order and embedding degree
with respect to . We then discuss how CM-methods over can be used to
explicitly construct .Comment: to appear in ANTS-VII
Mott physics, sign structure, ground state wavefunction, and high-Tc superconductivity
In this article I give a pedagogical illustration of why the essential
problem of high-Tc superconductivity in the cuprates is about how an
antiferromagnetically ordered state can be turned into a short-range state by
doping. I will start with half-filling where the antiferromagnetic ground state
is accurately described by the Liang-Doucot-Anderson (LDA) wavefunction. Here
the effect of the Fermi statistics becomes completely irrelevant due to the no
double occupancy constraint. Upon doping, the statistical signs reemerge,
albeit much reduced as compared to the original Fermi statistical signs. By
precisely incorporating this altered statistical sign structure at finite
doping, the LDA ground state can be recast into a short-range antiferromagnetic
state. Superconducting phase coherence arises after the spin correlations
become short-ranged, and the superconducting phase transition is controlled by
spin excitations. I will stress that the pseudogap phenomenon naturally emerges
as a crossover between the antiferromagnetic and superconducting phases. As a
characteristic of non Fermi liquid, the mutual statistical interaction between
the spin and charge degrees of freedom will reach a maximum in a
high-temperature "strange metal phase" of the doped Mott insulator.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure
CMS Software Distribution on the LCG and OSG Grids
The efficient exploitation of worldwide distributed storage and computing
resources available in the grids require a robust, transparent and fast
deployment of experiment specific software. The approach followed by the CMS
experiment at CERN in order to enable Monte-Carlo simulations, data analysis
and software development in an international collaboration is presented. The
current status and future improvement plans are described.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, latex with hyperref
Minimal size of a barchan dune
Barchans are dunes of high mobility which have a crescent shape and propagate
under conditions of unidirectional wind. However, sand dunes only appear above
a critical size, which scales with the saturation distance of the sand flux [P.
Hersen, S. Douady, and B. Andreotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf{89,}} 264301 (2002);
B. Andreotti, P. Claudin, and S. Douady, Eur. Phys. J. B {\bf{28,}} 321 (2002);
G. Sauermann, K. Kroy, and H. J. Herrmann, Phys. Rev. E {\bf{64,}} 31305
(2001)]. It has been suggested by P. Hersen, S. Douady, and B. Andreotti, Phys.
Rev. Lett. {\bf{89,}} 264301 (2002) that this flux fetch distance is itself
constant. Indeed, this could not explain the proto size of barchan dunes, which
often occur in coastal areas of high litoral drift, and the scale of dunes on
Mars. In the present work, we show from three dimensional calculations of sand
transport that the size and the shape of the minimal barchan dune depend on the
wind friction speed and the sand flux on the area between dunes in a field. Our
results explain the common appearance of barchans a few tens of centimeter high
which are observed along coasts. Furthermore, we find that the rate at which
grains enter saltation on Mars is one order of magnitude higher than on Earth,
and is relevant to correctly obtain the minimal dune size on Mars.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure
On the shape of barchan dunes
Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dunes forming in aride regions with
unidirectional wind and limited sand supply. We report analytical and numerical
results for dune shapes under different environmental conditions as obtained
from the so-called `minimal model' of aeolian sand dunes. The profiles of
longitudinal vertical slices (i.e. along the wind direction) are analyzed as a
function of wind speed and sand supply. Shape transitions can be induced by
changes of mass, wind speed and sand supply. Within a minimal extension of the
model to the transverse direction the scale-invariant profile of transverse
vertical cuts can be derived analytically.Comment: to appear in J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17 (2005
Mutual-Chern-Simons effective theory of doped antiferromagnets
A mutual-Chern-Simons Lagrangian is derived as a minimal field theory
description of the phase-string model for doped antiferromagnets. Such an
effective Lagrangian is shown to retain the full symmetries of parity,
time-reversal, and global SU(2) spin rotation, in contrast to conventional
Chern-Simons theories where first two symmetries are usually broken. Two
ordered phases, i.e., antiferromagnetic and superconducting states, are found
at low temperatures as characterized by dual Meissner effects and dual flux
quantization conditions due to the mutual-Chern-Simons gauge structure. A dual
confinement in charge/spin degrees of freedom occurs such that no true
spin-charge separation is present in these ordered phases, but the spin-charge
separation/deconfinement serves as a driving force in the unconventional phase
transitions of these ordered states to disordered states.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures; published versio
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