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SteÄaks at Grebine in ÄeveljuÅ”a and at the Church of St. John at Zavala in western Plina
U radu se kataloÅ”ki popisuju te oblikovno i stilski razmatraju steÄci u zapadnoj Plini, u neposrednom zaleÄu PloÄa, na Grebinama u ÄeveljuÅ”i i kod crkve sv. Ivana na Zavali. UoÄene su poveznice sa steÄcima obje strane srednjeg i donjeg toka Neretve, kao i scenske te ikonografske znaÄajke pojedinih užih podruÄja. UpuÄuje se na prostor LjubuÅ”koga kao likovni krug u izvoriÅ”tu motiva i stilske obrade dijela steÄaka u zapadnoj Plini, kao i u gornjem Makarskom primorju. Ovim se je moguÄe zalagati i za postojanje iste radionice ili majstora koji je izraÄivao steÄke na podruÄju LjubuÅ”kog, te obalnom dijelu iste, desne strane Neretve.The unique monolithic medieval tombstones, called steÄaks, at Grebine in coastal ÄeveljuÅ”a and, 3 km to the north, at the Church of St. John at Zavala in Western Plina, in the immediate hinterland of the port city of PloÄe, were incorporated in the scholarly literature rather early. Summary data on them were published in the bulletin Starohrvatska prosvjeta in 1896, wherein the decorations on them were not mentioned as in later studies. They were designated standing stone steÄaks. Besides the steÄaks at these cemeteries in Western Plina, the toponym Grebine in Perka also indicates the Middle Ages, even though the stone cross there cannot be dated. The steÄaks at Grebine in ÄeveljuÅ”a were placed in the context of the three tumuli at the pass on a footpath from the coastal settlement to Zavala. A total of 23 steÄaks were registered, almost exclusively chest-shaped. A half are lower types, while the rest are medium-high and high chests. Such a typological picture corresponds to the situation in the cemeteries of the wider PloÄe hinterland and on the right bank of the Neretva River, and in the neighbouring Makarska littoral. With reference to the quality of the steÄaks, a general assessment which can be made is that they were solidly made, and the number of well-made steÄaks surpasses those of lesser quality or amorphous appearance. There are five steÄaks at the Church of St. John in Zavala, most of them dislocated. These can also be classified as chests, and they display similar craftsmanship. Two chests at Grebine in ÄeveljuÅ”a are decorated. One chest is richly decorated with symbolic and figural/ compositional portrayals of a ring-dance of female and male figures, a hunting scene and a cross on the frontal side. The steÄak has twisted rope design as trimming. The most numerous common features with the ring-dance motif can be found on the steÄaks of Popovo polje in Herzegovina. The dancersā hands are at shoulder level, the men are depicted in more expressive movements, and they wear pointed hats on their heads. The women are depicted without feet en face, in stylized one-piece dresses with a diagonal lower hem. The figures are also linked by their reduction, a specific feature of the steÄaks from the left bank of the Neretva River. However, the fullest analogy to the portrayals on the chests in ÄeveljuÅ”a are from the LjubuÅ”ki area, from Borje in Klobuk. They are akin in several aspects which cannot be found elsewhere. The male figures are somewhat larger, while the women āhangā in space. The details of the hem on the clothing of the men is also identical. The contours of the horse also stand in contrast to the examples from Popovo, and in ÄeveljuÅ”a, in the sharper breaks, similar also in the placement of the legs. It is also not difficult to recognize the fullness of the analogy between the portrayals of battle on the steÄak in Klobuk and the one at KostaniÄ grob in Drvenik, in the upper Makarska littoral. There is also a similarity in the type of high and narrow chest, the stylistic expression of the figures and the twisted rope trimming. This is also apparent in the portrayal of the deer hunt on the opposite side of the chest in ÄeveljuÅ”a. The cross on the frontal side has greater importance to the determination of the cultural sphere of the portrayals on the chest in ÄeveljuÅ”a. Its rendering, with leaf-shaped ends on the horizontal arm and rectangular depression on the lower portion in the form of a ātowerā, as well as the symmetrical placement of two birds on the horizontal arm, is a unique solution for this iconographic motif. The motif is not unknown on the steÄaks of the eastern bank of the Neretva River, although it is rare and rendered in crosses with a different appearance. The identical idea for placement of the birds is elsewhere rendered in the outline of a cross-shaped upper portion of a sword below a shield. Examples can be found in Herzegovina as well, on both banks of the Neretva River. The cross at Grebine in ÄeveljuÅ”a is an exceptional creation rendered by a mason familiar with similar individual solutions, such that he created a unique synthesis here. The heart-shaped shield on the upper surface of the other chest became dominant due to its relief character. It is oriented toward the cultural circle east of the Neretva River. The steÄaks at ÄeveljuÅ”a generally belong to the Herzegovinian circle of artistic rendering of medieval grave monuments. The LjubuÅ”ki area is the most solid indicator of a narrower workshop circle for their production. The motif of the relief crescent moon and sun on the chest at Zavala is generally widespread, also known in BaÄina, farther west. This also applies to the smaller paired crosses on the two chests, in ÄeveljuÅ”a and Zavala. They are a Christian motif symbolically, designating the number of those buried beneath the steÄaks. The semi-circular depressions on the surfaces of the same chest in ÄeveljuÅ”a and the other in Zavala are small basins for holy water or recipients for candles. With reference to the dating of the steÄaks in ÄeveljuÅ”a and Zavala, it can be said that the previous determination of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have been confirmed in research in the cemeteries of Eastern Plina. A cemetery with steÄaks in Ograda in Eraci has been dated from the end of the fourteenth to the end of the fifteenth century. The graves with steÄaks atop MiÅ”ja Draga in Å ariÄ Struga were dated with greater certainty to the first decades of the fifteenth century. For now, the steÄaks at Grebine in ÄeveljuÅ”a and at St. Johnās in Zavala in the western part of Plina must be dated within this framework as well
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