Distributions of anxiety and depression disorders in different diseases.

*<p><i>p</i><0.05.</p

Main parameters of bifactor analysis.

<p>Loading 1^a: factor loading on general factor.</p><p>Loading 2^b: factor loading on anxiety specific factor.</p><p>Loading 3^c: factor loading on depression specific factor.</p><p>Slope 1^d: item slop of general factor, a kind of discrimination parameter for general factor.</p><p>Slope 2^e: slopes of anxiety specific factor, a kind of discrimination parameter for anxiety specific factor.</p><p>Slope 3^f: slopes of depression specific factor, a kind of discrimination parameter for depression specific factor.</p><p>Severity 1^g: boundary severity of general factor from score 0 to 1.</p><p>Severity 2^h: boundary severity of general factor from score 1 to 2.</p><p>Severity 3ⁱ: boundary severity of general factor from score 2 to 3.</p

The test information curve of the HADS based on the bifactor analysis for the general distress factor.

<p>X-axis represents severity of the general factor (theta), which had been standardized (0 being average, 1 being a standard deviation). The Y-axis represents the test information value. Test information is a kind of reliability criterion in IRT models, the bigger the test information value, the less measurement error, and better reliability. In contrast to models built using CTT, in IRT models, there is a test information value corresponding to every severity point, representing the reliability at that level of severity. We get the test information curve by connecting all these values.</p

Correlations between items and HADS scales.

<p>In anxiety and depression subscales, the highest value for each item is shown in bold type.</p><p>Definition of each item is the same with Herrero <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0047577#pone.0047577-Herrero1" target="_blank">[14]</a>.</p>**<p>All correlations are significant at the 0.01 level or above.</p

Influence of Substrate Elasticity on Droplet Impact Dynamics

Droplet impact dynamics is vital to the understanding of several phase-change and heat-transfer phenomena. This work examines the role of substrate elasticity on the spreading and retraction behavior of water droplets impacting flat and textured superhydrophobic substrates. Experiments reveal that droplet retraction on flat surfaces decreases with decreasing substrate elasticity. This trend is confirmed through a careful measurement of droplet impact dynamics on multiple PDMS surfaces with varying elastic moduli and comparison with impact dynamics on hard silicon surfaces. These findings reveal that surfaces tend to become more wettable upon droplet impact as the elastic modulus is decreased. First-order analyses are developed to explain this reduced retraction in terms of increased viscoelastic dissipation on soft substrates. Interestingly, superhydrophobic surfaces display substrate-elasticity-invariant impact dynamics. These findings are critical when designing polymeric surfaces for fluid–surface interaction applications

Efficient Solar-Thermal Energy Harvest Driven by Interfacial Plasmonic Heating-Assisted Evaporation

The plasmonic heating effect of noble nanoparticles has recently received tremendous attention for various important applications. Herein, we report the utilization of interfacial plasmonic heating-assisted evaporation for efficient and facile solar-thermal energy harvest. An airlaid paper-supported gold nanoparticle thin film was placed at the thermal energy conversion region within a sealed chamber to convert solar energy into thermal energy. The generated thermal energy instantly vaporizes the water underneath into hot vapors that quickly diffuse to the thermal energy release region of the chamber to condense into liquids and release the collected thermal energy. The condensed water automatically flows back to the thermal energy conversion region under the capillary force from the hydrophilic copper mesh. Such an approach simultaneously realizes efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion and rapid transportation of converted thermal energy to target application terminals. Compared to conventional external photothermal conversion design, the solar-thermal harvesting device driven by the internal plasmonic heating effect has reduced the overall thermal resistance by more than 50% and has demonstrated more than 25% improvement of solar water heating efficiency

Lyophilization-Free Approach to the Fabrication of Conductive Polymer Foams Enabling Photo-Thermo-Electrical-Induced Cell Differentiation under Global Illumination

In this study, we fabricate conductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS) foams with tunable density and mechanical properties via a new and efficient lyophilization-free method and use asymmetric acid treatment to create a PEDOT:PSS scaffold with asymmetric light absorptivity, which helps generate the asymmetric photo-thermo-electrical conversion under simple global illumination. Distinct light absorptivity along the scaffold has been proved to be related to the different doping states via asymmetric acid treatment. Such noninvasive photo-thermo-electrical stimulation significantly induces the expressions of genes related to neural differentiation under an illumination intensity of 240 mW/cm2 for only 30 min. This research will not only provide a new approach to fabricate conductive polymer foams via the lyophilization-free method but also enable the global illumination to provoke the photo-thermo-electrical effect of conductive polymers with asymmetric light absorptivity for thermoelectric conversion and biomedical potential applications in tissue engineering for therapeutic purposes

Bioinspired Bifunctional Membrane for Efficient Clean Water Generation

Solving the problems of water pollution and water shortage is an urgent need for the sustainable development of modern society. Different approaches, including distillation, filtration, and photocatalytic degradation, have been developed for the purification of contaminated water and the generation of clean water. In this study, we explored a new approach that uses solar light for both water purification and clean water generation. A bifunctional membrane consisting of a top layer of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), a middle layer of Au NPs, and a bottom layer of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) was designed and fabricated through multiple filtration processes. Such a design enables both TiO₂ NP-based photocatalytic function and Au NP-based solar-driven plasmonic evaporation. With the integration of these two functions into a single membrane, both the purification of contaminated water through photocatalytic degradation and the generation of clean water through evaporation were demonstrated using simulated solar illumination. Such a demonstration should also help open up a new strategy for maximizing solar energy conversion and utilization

Biotemplated <i>Morpho</i> Butterfly Wings for Tunable Structurally Colored Photocatalysts

<i>Morpho sulkowskyi</i> butterfly wings contain naturally occurring hierarchical nanostructures that produce structural coloration. The high aspect ratio and surface area of these wings make them attractive nanostructured templates for applications in solar energy and photocatalysis. However, biomimetic approaches to replicate their complex structural features and integrate functional materials into their three-dimensional framework are highly limited in precision and scalability. Herein, a biotemplating approach is presented that precisely replicates <i>Morpho</i> nanostructures by depositing nanocrystalline ZnO coatings onto wings via low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD). This study demonstrates the ability to precisely tune the natural structural coloration while also integrating multifunctionality by imparting photocatalytic activity onto fully intact <i>Morpho</i> wings. Optical spectroscopy and finite-difference time-domain numerical modeling demonstrate that ALD ZnO coatings can rationally tune the structural coloration across the visible spectrum. These structurally colored photocatalysts exhibit an optimal coating thickness to maximize photocatalytic activity, which is attributed to trade-offs between light absorption and catalytic quantum yield with increasing coating thickness. These multifunctional photocatalysts present a new approach to integrating solar energy harvesting into visually attractive surfaces that can be integrated into building facades or other macroscopic structures to impart aesthetic appeal