Doppler effect of gamma-ray bursts in the fireball framework

The influence of the Doppler effect in the fireball framework on the spectrum of gamma-ray bursts is investigated. The study shows that the shape of the expected spectrum of an expanding fireball remains almost the same as that of the corresponding rest frame spectrum for constant radiations of the bremsstrahlung, Comptonized, and synchrotron mechanisms as well as for that of the GRB model. The peak flux spectrum and the peak frequency are obviously correlated. When the value of the Lorentz factor becomes 10 times larger, the flux of fireballs would be several orders of magnitude larger. The expansion speed of fireballs is a fundamental factor of the enhancement of the flux of gamma-ray bursts.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figure

Dependence of Temporal Properties on Energy in Long-Lag, Wide-Pulse Gamma-Ray Bursts

We employed a sample compiled by Norris et al. (2005, ApJ, 625, 324) to study the dependence of the pulse temporal properties on energy in long-lag, wide-pulse gamma-ray bursts. Our analysis shows that the pulse peak time, rise time scale and decay time scale are power law functions of energy, which is a preliminary report on the relationships between the three quantities and energy. The power law indexes associated with the pulse width, rise time scale and decay time scale are correlated and the correlation between the indexes associated with the pulse width and the decay time scale is more obvious. In addition, we have found that the pulse peak lag is strongly correlated with the CCF lag, but the centroid lag is less correlated with the peak lag and CCF lag. Based on these results and some previous investigations, we tend to believe that all energy-dependent pulse temporal properties may come from the joint contribution of both the hydrodynamic processes of the outflows and the curvature effect, where the energy-dependent spectral lag may be mainly dominated by the dynamic process and the energy-dependent pulse width may be mainly determined by the curvature effect.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, added references, matched to published version, accepted for publication in PAS

On the "Security analysis and improvements of arbitrated quantum signature schemes"

Recently, Zou et al. [Phys. Rev. A 82, 042325 (2010)] pointed out that two arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) schemes are not secure, because an arbitrator cannot arbitrate the dispute between two users when a receiver repudiates the integrity of a signature. By using a public board, they try to propose two AQS schemes to solve the problem. This work shows that the same security problem may exist in their schemes and also a malicious party can reveal the other party's secret key without being detected by using the Trojan-horse attacks. Accordingly, two basic properties of a quantum signature, i.e. unforgeability and undeniability, may not be satisfied in their scheme

Depression of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in large aspiny neurons of the neostriatum after transient forebrain ischemia

Spiny neurons in the neostriatum die within 24 hr after transient global ischemia, whereas large aspiny (LA) neurons remain intact. To reveal the mechanisms of such selective cell death after ischemia, excitatory neurotransmission was studied in LA neurons before and after ischemia. The intrastriatally evoked fast EPSCs in LA neurons were depressed < or =24 hr after ischemia. The concentration-response curves generated by application of exogenous glutamate in these neurons were approximately the same before and after ischemia. A train of five stimuli (100 Hz) induced progressively smaller EPSCs, but the proportion of decrease in EPSC amplitude at 4 hr after ischemia was significantly smaller compared with control and at 24 hr after ischemia. Parallel depression of NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs was also observed after ischemia, supporting the involvement of presynaptic mechanisms. The adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine blocked the inhibition of evoked EPSCs at 4 hr after ischemia but not at 24 hr after ischemia. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the most presynaptic terminals in the striatum had a normal appearance at 4 hr after ischemia but showed degenerating signs at 24 hr after ischemia. These results indicated that the excitatory neurotransmission in LA neurons was depressed after ischemia via presynaptic mechanisms. The depression of EPSCs shortly after ischemia might be attributable to the enhanced adenosine A1 receptor function on synaptic transmission, and the depression at late time points might result from the degeneration of presynaptic terminals

Characteristics of profiles of gamma-ray burst pulses associated with the Doppler effect of fireballs

In this paper, we derive in a much detail the formula of count rates, in terms of the integral of time, of gamma-ray bursts in the framework of fireballs, where the Doppler effect of the expanding fireball surface is the key factor to be concerned. Effects arising from the limit of the time delay due to the limited regions of the emitting areas in the fireball surface and other factors are investigated. Our analysis shows that the formula of the count rate of fireballs can be expressed as a function of $\tau$ which is the observation time scale relative to the dynamical time scale of the fireball. The profile of light curves of fireballs depends only on the relative time scale, entirely independent of the real time scale and the real size of the objects. It displays in detail how a cutoff tail, or a turn over, feature (called a cutoff tail problem) in the decay phase of a light curve can be formed. This feature is a consequence of a hot spot in the fireball surface, moving towards the observer, and was observed in a few cases previously. By performing fits to the count rate light curves of six sample sources, we show how to obtain some physical parameters from the observed profile of the count rate of GRBs. In addition, the analysis reveals that the Doppler effect of fireballs could lead to a power law relationship between the $FWHM$ of pulses and energy, which were observed previously by many authors.Comment: 38 pages, 10 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ (10 December 2004, v617