Using an identity lens : constructive working with children in the criminal justice system

Research has shown that identity, and how you feel about yourself, can be key to moving forward with life and away from crime. Working with the University of Salford, Youth Offending Teams and supported by the Barrow Cadbury Trust, this resource has been developed to promote a constructive, identity-focused approach to ultimately help divert children away from progressing further through the criminal justice system. Using the principles of the Nacro-led Beyond Youth Custody programme, this toolkit outlines how these can be applied to working with children before custody to support them towards positive outcomes and prevent further offending

Elucidating Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis by Network Analysis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease, differing on many variables, including disease course, sex, and overall activity. Key characteristics of the disease encompass demyelination, axonal damage, neuronal loss, glial cell activation, and the infiltration of peripheral immune cells. Molecular proxies of these functions are secreted proteins, including cytokines and immunoglobulins, which, in the central nervous system (CNS), can be secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A detailed analysis of these secreted proteins can offer insights into the evolving immunological and neurodegenerative features as the disease progresses. To understand the dynamic biological processes involved in MS, I used network analysis to untangle intricacies of protein-to-protein relationships. To determine these complex relationships, I measured 60 proteins, in both CSF and serum, from 87 patients with MS. Forty-six (n=46) of these proteins were inflammatory mediators, while the remaining 14 were markers of neuroaxonal injury or glial activation. Markers were measured for their intrathecal synthesis in each individual patient. For each analysis patients were then categorized based on their 1) disease course, 2) sex, and 3) disease activity. Network analysis was ultimately performed to distinguish patterns of inflammation and neurodegeneration between each group. I first found that network analysis of intrathecal proteins effectively distinguishes disease courses, revealing 1) a unique B-cell signaling pathway in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 2) a CNS immune cell-driven inflammatory pattern in progressive MS (PMS), and 3) a lack of inflammatory regulation in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), potentially leading to conversion to RRMS. Next, I found distinct differences between sexes in RRMS. Networks in female patients were almost exclusively associated with inflammatory proteins, whereas networks in male patients showed robust connections to neuroaxonal injury and glial activation proteins. Finally, I found unique proteins relationships in those RRMS patients with higher likelihood to manifest disease activity within the following 12 months. Particularly, the correlation between CXCL10 and IgG1 successfully predicted disease activity as well as conversion from CIS to RRMS. In conclusion, my findings here suggest that network analysis of intrathecally synthesized proteins was able to distinguish novel molecular pathways between disease course, sex, and disease activity in MS

Virginia\u27s Reaction to an Implied Warranty in Real Estate Transactions: Bruce Farms, Inc. v. Coupe

Years ago, caveat emptor was the rule in real estate transactions. A home buyer\u27s own inspection was considered reliable in determining if the house was structurally sound and habitable. Today, the situation is different. Potentially troublesome conditions in a house are easily concealed, and inspection by the buyer may not reveal latent defects. For this reason, the doctrine of implied warranty has replaced caveat emptor in many jurisdictions

Validation of empirical measures of welfare change: comment

In an excellent article from a recent issue of this journal, Sellar, Stoll and Chavas (1985) make a technical error which causes them to misstate their closed-ended estimates of willingness to pay. Truncation of the estimated cummulative distribution function must we made explicit in compution of willingness to pay.nonmarket valuation; contingent valuation; stated preferences; welfare evaluation; willingness to pay