Vocal communication in a neotropical treefrog, Hyla ebraccata: advertisement calls

Abstract. We studied the vocal communication of Hyla ebraceata in central Panama. The advertisement call of this species consists of a pulsed buzz-like primary note which may be given alone or followed by 1-4 secondary click notes. Primary notes are highly stereotyped, showing little variation within or among individuals in dominant frequency, duration, pulse repetition rate or rise time. Males calling in isolation give mostly single-note calls. They respond to playbacks of conspecific calls by increasing calling rates and the proportion of multi-note calls, and by giving synchronized calls 140-200 ms after the stimulus begins. Responses to conspecific advertisement calls are usually given immediately after the primary note of the leading call, but the primary note of the response often overlaps with the click notes of the leading call. Experiments with synthetic signals showed that males synchronize to any type of sound of the appropriate frequency (3 kHz), regardless of the fine structure of the stimulus. Playbacks of synthetic calls of variable duration showed that males do not synchronize well to calls less than 150 ms long, but they do to longer calls (200-600 ms). The variance in response latency increased with increasing stimulus duration, but modal response times remained at around 140-200 ms. Similar results were obtained in experiments with synthetic calls having a variable number of click notes. Males showed no tendency to increase the number of click notes in their calls in response to increasing stimulus duration or increasing number of clicks in the stimulus. Females preferred three-note to one-notecalls in two-choice playback experiments, whether these were presented in alternation, or with the one-note call leading and the three-note call following. Females showed no preference for leader or follower calls when both were one-note. When two-note calls were presented with the primary note of the follower overlapping the click note of the leader, females went to calls in which click notes were not obscured. Our results indicate that male H. ebraeeata respond to other males in a chorus in ways which enhance their ability to attract mates