Influence of Vinasse Application in the Structure and Composition of the Bacterial Community of the Soil under Sugarcane Cultivation

Although the use of vinasse as a waste helps replenish soil nutrients and improves the quality of the sugarcane crop, it is known that vinasse residues alter the diversity of bacteria naturally present in the soil. The actual impacts of vinasse application on the selection of bacterial taxa are not understood because no studies have addressed this phenomenon directly. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone sequences from four soil types showed that the soil planted with sugarcane and fertilized with vinasse has a high diversity of bacteria compared to other biomes, where Acidobacteria were the second most abundant phylum. Although the composition and structure of bacterial communities differ significantly in the four environments (Libshuff 's test), forest soils and soil planted with sugarcane without vinasse fertilizer were similar to each other because they share at least 28 OTUs related to Rhizobiales, which are important agents involved in nitrogen fixation. OTUs belonging to Actinomycetales were detected more often in the soil that had vinasse applied, indicating that these groups are more favored by this type of land management

Intestinal Dysbiosis in Autoimmune Diabetes Is Correlated With Poor Glycemic Control and Increased Interleukin-6: A Pilot Study

Intestinal dysbiosis associated with immunological deregulation, leaky gut, bacterial translocation, and systemic inflammation has been associated with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal dysbiosis in T1D patients and correlate these results with clinical parameters and cytokines. The present study was approved by the Barretos Cancer Hospital (Process number 903/2014), and all participants have signed the informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and answered a questionnaire about dietary habits. Stool samples were used for bacterial 16S sequencing by MiSeq Illumina platform. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF, and IFN-γ plasma concentrations were determined by cytometric bead arrays. The Pearson’s chi-square, Mann–Whitney and Spearman correlation were used for statistical analyses. Alpha and beta diversities were conducted by using an annotated observed taxonomic units table. This study included 20 patients and 28 controls, and we found significant differences (P < 0.05) among consumption of vegetables, proteins, milk and derivatives, spicy food, and canned food when we compare patients and controls. We detected intestinal dysbiosis in T1D patients when we performed the beta diversity analysis (P = 0.01). The prevalent species found in patients’ stool were the Gram-negatives Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides rodentium, Prevotella copri, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens. The inflammatory interleukin-6 was significantly increased (P = 0.017) in patients’ plasma. Furthermore, we showed correlation among patients with poor glycemic control, represented by high levels of HbA1C percentages and Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillales, and Bacteroides dorei relative abundances. We concluded that there are different gut microbiota profiles between T1D patients and healthy controls. The prevalent Gram-negative species in T1D patients could be involved in the leaky gut, bacterial translocation, and poor glycemic control. However, additional studies, with larger cohorts, are required to determine a “signature” of the intestinal microbiota in T1D patients in the Brazilian population

Diversidade bacteriana em solos, vinhaça e semicompostagem relacionados ao cultivo de cana-de-açúcar

Generally, industrial wastes as vinasse and filter cake cause public apprehension due to the risk of environmental impacts caused by their use as nutrients replenishment in soils with cultivation of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Due to lack of studies that seek to unravel the impacts of these residues in the structure and composition of bacterial communities, this work aimed to apply the 16S rRNA gene to assess the bacterial diversity present in five biomes with different sugarcane crop management besides waste vinasse and filter cake. A total of 1,090 sequences of bacterial 16S rRNA were recovered and analyzed: i) soil under sugarcane crop fertilized by vinasse (SV); ii) soil from the master channel for vinasse distribution (MC), iii) soil under native forest located next to areas of sugarcane planting (MT), iv) soil under sugarcane crop without vinasse irrigation (CH), and v) filter cake semi-composting compound (CP). Based on Richness index and rarefaction curve, the SV is considered the most diverse, followed by MT as the intermediary, and MC as the least diverse environment. The Actinobacteria phylum related to the degradation of plant biomass and production of antimicrobials has dominated the population of the CP environment, that was possibly related to high amount of lignocellulosic material available on the filter cake. CP also presented the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, both present at different stages of the composting process. Soil environments showed few taxa related to cultured bacterial genera unlike the high number of clones affiliated to bacteria not classified. Unifrac and Libshuff tests for molecular variance show that the five biomass present variation in the structure of bacterial communities. In addition, SV and MC does not share species each other. These results demonstrate that the environments containing vinasse and filter cake are different from other biomes with management of sugarcane. These ...De maneira geral, resíduos industriais como vinhaça e torta de filtro, causam preocupação devido ao risco de impactos ambientais que podem ser causados quando utilizados na reposição de nutrientes em solos com cultivo de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.). Devido à falta de estudos que busquem desvendar os impactos destes resíduos na estrutura e composição de comunidades bacterianas, este trabalho teve como proposta utilizar o gene 16S rRNA para avaliar a diversidade bacteriana presente em 5 biomas com diferentes manejo de cana-de-açúcar e os resíduos vinhaça e torta de filtro. Foram analisados um total de 1.090 sequencias do 16S rRNA de bactérias, recuperadas de: i) solo com fertirrigação de vinhaça e plantio de cana-de-açúcar (SV), ii) solo depositado sobre o canal mestre da vinhaça (MC), iii) solo de mata nativa localizada próxima a áreas de plantio de cana-de-açúcar (MT), iv) solo com plantio de cana-de-açúcar sem a aplicação de vinhaça (CH) e v) semicomposto de torta de torta de filtro (CP). Com base na curva de rarefação e índice Richness, SV foi considerado o ambiente mais diverso, MT foi considerado como portador de diversidade intermediária e, com base nos outros índices, MC foi considerado o ambiente menos diverso. O filo Actinobacteria, relacionado com a degradação da biomassa vegetal e produção de antimicrobianos, dominou a população do ambiente CP, fato possivelmente relacionado a elevada quantidade de material lignocelulósico disponível na torta de filtro. CP também apresentou os filos Firmicutes e Proteobacteria, ambos presentes em diferentes estágios do processo de compostagem. Os ambientes de solos foram considerados como portadores de poucos táxons relacionados a gêneros bacterianos cultivados, além de apresentarem elevado número de clones afiliados a bactérias não classificadas. Os testes de variância molecular Unifrac e Libshuff demonstram que os cinco biomas ..

Bacterial diversity in bovine rumen by metagenomic 16S rDNA sequencing and scanning electron microscopy

The bacterial diversity by 16S rDNA partial sequencing and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the rumen microbiome was characterized. Three Nellore bovines, cannulated at the rumen, were utilized. Liquid and solid fractions from the rumen content were processed for the extraction of metagenomic DNA and later 16S rDNA amplicons were utilized to construct the WGA library for further clone sequencing. Data were analyzed by MEGA and MOTUR (University of Michigan) softwares. Approximately 97.96% of operation taxonomic units (OTUs) were related to Bacteriodetes phylum and 2.04% of sequences were affiliated to Firmicutes phylum. In the case of Bacteriodetes, the great part of sequences (47.96%) was attributed to Prevotella genus. Bacteroidetes phylum was predominant in rumen content and the Prevotella genus was the most abundant, including diverse species related to this taxon. The bacterial morphological diversity associated to plant fibers was detected by SEM and showed its role in plant biomass deconstruction beyond the detection of microbiological interactions that involved protozoa

Chemical and rheological properties of exopolysaccharides produced by four isolates of rhizobia

The rheological, physicochemical properties, emulsification and stability of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from four rhizobia isolates (LBMP-C01, LBMP-C02, LBMP-C03 and LBMP-C04) were studied. The EPS yields of isolates under these experimental conditions were in the range of 1.5-6.63gL(-1). The LBMP-C04 isolate, which presented the highest EPS production (6.63gL(-1)), was isolated from Arachis pintoi and was identified as a Rhizobium sp. strain that could be explored as a possible potential source for the production of extracellular heteropolysaccharides. All polymers showed a pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid behavior or shear thinning property in aqueous solutions. Among the four EPS tested against hydrocarbons, EPS LBMP-C01 was found to be more effective against hexane, olive and soybean oils (89.94%, 82.75% and 81.15%, respectively). Importantly, we found that changes in pH (2-11) and salinity (0-30%) influenced the emulsification of diesel oil by the EPSs. EPSLBMP-C04 presented optimal emulsification capacity at pH 10 (E24=53%) and 30% salinity (E24=27%). These findings contribute to the understanding of the influence of the chemical composition, physical properties and biotechnology applications of rhizobial EPS solutions their bioemulsifying properties

Detection of Dysbiosis and Increased Intestinal Permeability in Brazilian Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Dysbiosis, associated with barrier disruption and altered gut–brain communications, has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we evaluated the gut microbiota in relapsing–remitting patients (RRMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and correlated these data with diet, cytokines levels, and zonulin concentrations. Stool samples were used for 16S sequencing and real-time PCR. Serum was used for cytokine determination by flow cytometry, and zonulin quantification by ELISA. Pearson’s chi-square, Mann–Whitney, and Spearman’s correlation were used for statistical analyses. We detected differences in dietary habits, as well as in the gut microbiota in RRMS patients, with predominance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides vulgatus and decreased Bifidobacterium. Interleukin-6 concentrations were decreased in treated patients, and we detected an increased intestinal permeability in RRMS patients when compared with controls. We conclude that diet plays an important role in the composition of the gut microbiota, and intestinal dysbiosis, detected in RRMS patients could be involved in increased intestinal permeability and affect the clinical response to DTMs. The future goal is to predict therapeutic responses based on individual microbiome analyses (personalized medicine) and propose dietary interventions and the use of probiotics or other microbiota modulators as adjuvant therapy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of DMTs