Relative toxicity of insecticides to the parental spinosad-resistant strain and its derived strain after 15-generations of selection for spinosad resistance.

<p>All of the concentration-mortality curves followed the probit model based on the χ² goodness-of-fit test (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p

Synergism of spinosad toxicity in spinosad-susceptible and -resistant strains of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

<p>Synergism of spinosad toxicity in spinosad-susceptible and -resistant strains of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.</p

Direct test of monogenic inheritance for spinosad resistance in the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i> by comparing expected and observed mortality of the progeny of the backcrosses between the pooled F1 progeny of the reciprocal crosses and the (selected) spinosad-resistant strain.

<p>*Non-significant at <i>P</i>>0.05.</p

Dominance of spinosad resistance based on a range of spinosad concentrations including LC₅₀s from the susceptible parental strains and pooled F₁ progeny of reciprocal crosses estimated for the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

<p>The concentration range used also discriminates for high spinosad resistance, as observed in the spinosad-selected strain. The estimated dominance (<i>h</i>) varies from 0 (completely recessive) to 1 (completely dominant), where 0.5 corresponds to co-dominance, 0<<i>h</i><0.5 corresponds to incompletely recessive and 0.5<<i>h</i><1.0 corresponds to incompletely dominant.</p

Heritability estimate (<i>h²</i>) of spinosad resistance for a seven-generation spinosad-selected strain of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

<p>Heritability estimate (<i>h²</i>) of spinosad resistance for a seven-generation spinosad-selected strain of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.</p

LC₅₀s for spinosad with successive selections for spinosad resistance of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

<p>After 12 generations of spinosad selections, the selected line was split into two, one line maintaining selection and one line with interrupted selection.</p

Spinosad concentration-mortality curves (with observed data as symbols) for the (standard) spinosad susceptible strain, (selected) spinosad resistant strain, the F₁ progeny of the reciprocal crosses and the backcross progeny (pooled F₁ RC×spinosad-resistant) of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

<p>Spinosad concentration-mortality curves (with observed data as symbols) for the (standard) spinosad susceptible strain, (selected) spinosad resistant strain, the F₁ progeny of the reciprocal crosses and the backcross progeny (pooled F₁ RC×spinosad-resistant) of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.</p

Relationship between detoxification enzyme activity and LC₅₀s for spinosad in spinosad-selected generations of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

<p>Relationship between detoxification enzyme activity and LC₅₀s for spinosad in spinosad-selected generations of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.</p

Relative toxicity of spinosad in spinosad-susceptible and (selected) spinosad-resistant strains, the progeny of reciprocal crosses (F₁: ♀R×♂S and ♀S×♂R) and of backcrosses [F₁ (pooled)×(selected) spinosad-resistant strain] of the tomato borer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

<p>All of the concentration-mortality curves followed the probit model based on the χ² goodness-of-fit test (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p

Hybrid MoS₂/h-BN Nanofillers As Synergic Heat Dissipation and Reinforcement Additives in Epoxy Nanocomposites

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials as molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and their hybrid (MoS₂/h-BN) were employed as fillers to improve the physical properties of epoxy composites. Nanocomposites were produced in different concentrations and studied in their microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties. The hybrid 2D mixture imparted efficient reinforcement to the epoxy leading to increases of up to 95% in tensile strength, 60% in ultimate strain, and 58% in Young’s modulus. Moreover, an enhancement of 203% in thermal conductivity was achieved for the hybrid composite as compared to the pure polymer. The incorporation of MoS₂/h-BN mixture nanofillers in epoxy resulted in nanocomposites with multifunctional characteristics for applications that require high mechanical and thermal performance