GTPs attenuated the phosphorylation, decreased expression of PPARγ and erk1/2 activation in fat tissue induced by HF diet.

<p>PPARγ mRNA level was calculated with GADPH as reference. Protein expression and phosphorylation of PPARγ and erk1/2 were tested by western blot; the results were presented in arbitrary units using beta-actin, PPARγ and erk1/2 as references, respectively. The value of the control group was considered as 1.00. HF down-regulated the mRNA (A, N = 6) and protein expression (B, N = 3) of PPARγ while up-regulated the phosphorylation of PPARγ (C, N = 3) and erk1/2 (D, N = 3), the effects could be ameliorated by GTPs treatment. (* P<0.05 vs. the control; # P<0.05 vs. the HF group). Data is expressed as Mean ± SEM.</p

Inhibition of erk1/2 and GTPs treatment attenuated the phosphorylation and down-expression of PPARγ and erk1/2 activation in cultured VAT under high glucose condition.

<p>The cultured VAT explants were treated with GTPs and PD98059, respectively. High glucose incubation down-regulated the PPARγ mRNA (A, N = 6) and protein expression (B, N = 3) while up-regulated the phosphorylation of PPARγ (C, N = 3) and phosphorylation of erk1/2 (D, N = 3), all the above effects could be attenuated by GTPs or PD98059. (*P<0.05 vs. the control; # P<0.05 vs. the HG group). Data is expressed as Mean ± SEM.</p

GTPs alleviates the decrease of adiponectin expression in fat tissue and serum induced by HF diet.

<p>Fig. 2 A showed the mRNA level of adiponectin in adipose tissue, the result is presented in arbitrary units using GADPH as reference. Fig. 2 B presented the levels of serum adiponectin. The HF group exhibited significantly reduced mRNA and circulating levels of adiponectin, the decreased expressions were attenuated by GTPs treatment at different concentrations (GL 0.8 g/L, GM 1.6 g/L, GH 3.2 g/L.) (* P<0.05 vs. the control; # P<.05 vs. the HF group). Data is expressed as Mean ± SEM (N = 6).</p

GTPs and selective inhibitor of erk1/2 alleviated high glucose-induced adiponectin decrease.

<p>One hundred fifty mg VAT were cultured in DMEM with high glucose (33 mmol/L) and cotreated with GTPs (4 µg/ml) for 48 hrs or pretreated with PD98059 for 1 hr. The supernatant of cell culture medium was collected for ELISA of secreted adiponectin. (A) The mRNA level of adiponectin, comparative Ct method with GADPH as reference was adopted. (B) The secreted adiponectin in the supernatant of culture medium is in ng/mL. High glucose incubation (H) down-regulated the mRNA expression and secretion of adiponectin, the effects could be attenuated by GTPs treatment (GH) or PD98059(PD). (* P<0.05 vs. the control; # P<0.05 vs. the HG group). Data is expressed as Mean ± SEM (N = 6).</p

GTPs downregulated the blood glucose and improved the lipid profile in HF fed rats.

*<p><i>P</i><0.05 vs. the control;</p>#<p><i>P</i><0.05 vs. the HF group.</p