Trickster Geographies in Shakespeare\u27s Comedy of Errors

Because Shakespeare uses a wide spectrum of tricksters—from the merely mischievous Autolycus in Winter’s Tale to the irredeemably wicked Iago in Othello—Comedy of Errors is often overlooked when evaluating Shakespeare’s use of trickery. Indeed, the main characters of this comedy are confused victims of circumstance rather than deliberate deceivers, but that is precisely what makes the idea of the trickery in Comedy of Errors so provocative. Rather than a an archetypal trickster, there are instead three trickster geographies, the Mediterranean, Ephesus, and the marketplace, that affect the people within their borders, compelling them to take part in the deceit, however unwittingly. What results from the diffuse and disembodied trickster geographies is a series of inversions that threaten to destroy identities, relationships, and social order

IL-11 expression was increased after IR.

<p>Mice were subjected to 90min of partial liver ischemia, followed by 0h, 1h, 3h and 6h reperfusion. Kinetics of IL-11 gene expression was analyzed in ischemic liver by RT-PCR. Expression of IL-11 was normalized with that of HPRT. Data are expressed as mean±SD (n = 6/group). *P<0.05, **P<0.001 vs sham group.</p

IL-11 activated STAT3 in hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro.

<p>(A) IL-11 was administered in mice for the indicated time. The lysates from liver were immunoblotted with anti-p-STAT3 and anti-STAT3 antibody. Representative data are shown (lower). Quantative analyses of p-STAT3 are shown (upper). Data are exprresed as mean±SD (n = 6/group). **P<0.001. (B) Hepatocytes were treated by IL-11 for the indicated time. The lysates from hepatocytes were immunoblotted with anti-p-STAT3 and anti-STAT3 antibody. Representative data are shown (lower). Quantative analyses of p-STAT3 are shown (upper). Data are expressed as mean±SD (n = 6/group), **P<0.001.</p

IL-11 treatment decreased hepatocellular apoptosis induced by IR.

<p>(A)Liver apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining: Sham group, IR group and IL-11+IR group. (B) Apoptotic cells were quantified in six high-power fields (400x), and expressed as percentages of apoptotic cells among total cells. (C) Western blot-assisted detection of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and β-actin. (D) Caspase-3 activity. Data are expressed as mean±SD (n = 6/group), **P<0.001.</p

IL-11 treatment attenuated liver injury induced by IR.

<p>Mice were administered with recombinant human IL-IL-11 (500μg/kg, ip) or medium (PBS) 1 hour prior to ischemia, followed by 6h reperfusion. (A) sALT. (B) Histopathalogic analysis of livers harvested 6 hours after reperfusion. Sham group: Normal hepatic architecture; IR group: severe hepatic lobule distortion, sinusoidal congestion, apparent edema, vacuolization and massive necrosis; IL-11+IR group: mild vacuolization, punctate necrosis and edeman. (C) The severity of liver IRI by Suzuki’s histological grading. Data are expressed as mean±SD (n = 6/group), **P<0.001.</p