High-Efficiency Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cell Enabling by Integration of Film-Morphology Optimization, Donor Selection, and Interfacial Engineering

Carrier mobility is a vital factor determining the electrical performance of organic solar cells. In this paper we report that a high-efficiency nonfullerene organic solar cell (NF-OSC) with a power conversion efficiency of 6.94 ± 0.27% was obtained by optimizing the hole and electron transportations via following judicious selection of polymer donor and engineering of film-morphology and cathode interlayers: (1) a combination of solvent annealing and solvent vapor annealing optimizes the film morphology and hence both hole and electron mobilities, leading to a trade-off of fill factor and short-circuit current density (<i>J</i>_sc); (2) the judicious selection of polymer donor affords a higher hole and electron mobility, giving a higher <i>J</i>_sc; and (3) engineering the cathode interlayer affords a higher electron mobility, which leads to a significant increase in electrical current generation and ultimately the power conversion efficiency (PCE)

Bioinspired in Situ Growth of Conversion Films with Underwater Superoleophobicity and Excellent Self-Cleaning Performance

Wax deposition during the production and transportation of crude oil is a global problem in oil industries. Fabrication of underwater self-cleaning materials can provide a new strategy to prohibit wax deposition. In this paper, conversion films on carbon steel with hierarchical micro/nanostructure are fabricated through a novel in situ alternating-current deposition method. The flower-like conversion films are composed of amorphous iron phosphate and present superhydrophilicity in air and superoleophobicity underwater. The conversion films can efficiently prevent the deposition of wax in water-contained crude oil, showing excellent self-cleaning performance. This facile and low-cost fabrication of a self-cleaning film provides a good strategy for underwater–oil prevention

Rapid Reversible Superhydrophobicity-to-Superhydrophilicity Transition on Alternating Current Etched Brass

Reversible surface wetting behavior is a hot topic of research because of the potential engineering applications. In the present work, a hierarchical micro/nanostructure is fabricated on brass by alternate current (AC) etching. The superhydrophilic as-prepared etched brass (EB) turns into superhydrophobic after the modification of stearic acid for 1 min. After annealing at 350 °C for 5 min, the superhydrophobic modified EB surface becomes superhydrophilic again. Furthermore, the annealed EB can restore the superhydrophobicity with the remodification of stearic acid. The wetting transition is realized by stearic acid modification and annealing rapidly in 6 min. The wetting transition mechanism is discussed based on the surface chemical analysis. This method is facile and suitable for the construction of large-scale and complex brass surfaces with tunable wetting behaviors

Bioinspired in Situ Growth of Conversion Films with Underwater Superoleophobicity and Excellent Self-Cleaning Performance

Wax deposition during the production and transportation of crude oil is a global problem in oil industries. Fabrication of underwater self-cleaning materials can provide a new strategy to prohibit wax deposition. In this paper, conversion films on carbon steel with hierarchical micro/nanostructure are fabricated through a novel in situ alternating-current deposition method. The flower-like conversion films are composed of amorphous iron phosphate and present superhydrophilicity in air and superoleophobicity underwater. The conversion films can efficiently prevent the deposition of wax in water-contained crude oil, showing excellent self-cleaning performance. This facile and low-cost fabrication of a self-cleaning film provides a good strategy for underwater–oil prevention

Bioinspired in Situ Growth of Conversion Films with Underwater Superoleophobicity and Excellent Self-Cleaning Performance

Wax deposition during the production and transportation of crude oil is a global problem in oil industries. Fabrication of underwater self-cleaning materials can provide a new strategy to prohibit wax deposition. In this paper, conversion films on carbon steel with hierarchical micro/nanostructure are fabricated through a novel in situ alternating-current deposition method. The flower-like conversion films are composed of amorphous iron phosphate and present superhydrophilicity in air and superoleophobicity underwater. The conversion films can efficiently prevent the deposition of wax in water-contained crude oil, showing excellent self-cleaning performance. This facile and low-cost fabrication of a self-cleaning film provides a good strategy for underwater–oil prevention

Relationship between two different chronic cardiovascular diseases and degrees of severity.

<p>Note: * Due to the presence of the desired frequency <5, the use of Fisher's exact test.</p

High-Performance Solution-Processed Single-Junction Polymer Solar Cell Achievable by Post-Treatment of PEDOT:PSS Layer with Water-Containing Methanol

PEDOT:PSS (poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly­(styrenesulfonate)) is widely used as the hole-transporting layer for fabrication of new-generation solar cells. Herein, we utilize water-containing methanol to post-treat the PEDOT:PSS surface, by which the insulating PSS component is partially washed out with the PEDOT-to-PSS weight ratio increasing from 1:6.79 to 1:2.93. As a result, the surface becomes more covered with the electrically conductive PEDOT nanodomains, and again the mean current of the conductive nanodomains increases slightly from 6.68 to 7.28 pA, as demonstrated with conductive atomic force microscopy images. The electrical conductivity of the bulk PEDOT:PSS layer increases from 5.51 × 10^–4 to 4.04 × 10^–2 S/cm. The improvement in the surface conductivity allows for more efficient collection of mobile holes with a bit higher value of the hole mobility (5.56 vs 6.78 × 10^–4 cm² V^–1 s^–1). The solution-processed single-junction polymer solar cell fabricated on the treated PEDOT:PSS surface shows a higher mean short-circuit current-density (14.46 vs 16.48 mA cm^–2) and, hence, a higher mean power conversion efficiency (8.23% vs 9.28%) than that on the untreated surface, as calculated from over 200 cells

The relation between cIMT and CVRFs.

<p><b>A</b> shows the cIMT by the age. Box 1: age 40–50 years; Box 2: age 50–60 years; Box 3: age 60–70 years; Box 4: >70 years. <b>B</b> demonstrates the cIMT by the types of chronic disease. Box 1:hypertension; Box 2: dyslipidemia; Box 3: diabetes. <b>C</b> shows the cIMT by the number of chronic cardiovascular diseases. Box 0:without chronic cardiovascular disease; Box 1:1 type of chroinc cardiovascular disease; Box 2: 2 types of chronic cardiovascular diseases; Box 3:3 types of chronic cardiovascular diseases. <b>D</b> shows the cIMT by two different chronic cardiovascular diseases. Box 1: Combination of hypertension with diabetes; Box 2: combination of dyslipidemia with diabetes; Box 3: combination of hypertension with dyslipidemia.</p

The relationship between different chronic cardiovascular diseases and degrees of severity.

<p>Note: * Due to the presence of the desired frequency <5, the use of Fisher's exact test.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144182#pone.0144182.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a> shows the relationship between number of chronic cardiovascular diseases and degree of severity. In the group with no chronic disease, cIMT was normal in more than half of the subjects. With the increasing number of chronic cardiovascular disease, the exposure rate of subject’s intimal thickening, plaque formation and moderate carotid stenosis increased. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144182#pone.0144182.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2C</a> shows the cIMT in subjects with different numbers of chronic cardiovascular diseases with significant difference noticed between groups (p<0.05).</p

Relationship between the number of chronic disease and degrees of severity.

<p>Note: * Due to the presence of the desired frequency <5, the use of Fisher's exact test.</p