Strategien zur Regulierung des Steinbrandes - Teilprojekt A: Strategien zur Regulierung des Steinbrandes (Tilletia caries) und des Zwergsteinbrandes (T. controversa) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Resistenz

In Feldversuchen wurden 30 Winterweizensorten an fünf verschiedenen Standorten auf ihre natürliche Resistenz gegenüber Steinbrand/Zwergsteinbrand untersucht. Dabei zeigten die Sorten/Zuchtlinien Stava, Tambor, Magnifik, SW 51136, Tommi, Tarso, Tataros, Jakobi, Korund, Pegassos, Toronto und Cardos eine Resistenz/Teilresistenz gegenüber Tilletia caries und/oder T. controversa. Ein Einfluß der Sporenherkunft auf das Resistenzverhalten der Sorten schien in einigen Fällen gegeben zu sein. Parallel wurde ein System zur Frühdiagnose des Befalls mit Hilfe eines immunologischen Nachweises über ELISA standardisiert und an ausgewählten Weizensorten angewandt. Bei Untersuchungen des Vegetationspunktes im Stadium EC 20 konnte an je 45 Einzelpflanzen eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Pilzgehalt in der Pflanze und Resistenzgrad gefunden werden. Damit sind die bisherigen Ergebnisse zur immunologischen Charakterisierung der Resistenz erfolgversprechend. Die Eignung von Blattchlorosen zur Vorhersage des Steinbrandbefalls wurde an einem Feldstandort (Bad Vilbel) und unter kontrollierten Bedingungen bis zum Stadium EC 20 überprüft. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen Blattsymptom und Ährensymptom sortenabhängig ist. Die Erfassung der Frühsymptome eignet sich damit nicht generell zur Charakterisierung der Resistenz. Für die Mittelprüfung ist diese Form der Frühdiagnose mit ausgewählten Sorten jedoch weiterhin empfehlenswert. Die Pilzentwicklung und Verteilung wurde in der wachsenden Pflanze an ausgewählten Sorten mit verschiedenen Verfahren beschrieben. Der quantitative Pilznachweis über den ELISA deutet auf einen Pilzgehalt von >5 ng/gFGml in der Ährenanlage (EC 31) als nötige Menge zur Induktion der Brandähre hin. Die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an ausgewählten Sorten mit verminderter Anfälligkeit lassen Resistenzmechanismen in verschiedenen Stadien vermuten

Current Guidelines for Obesity Prevention in Childhood and Adolescence

Objective: Current guidelines for prevention of obesity in childhood and adolescence are discussed. Methods: A literature search was performed in Medline via PubMed, and appropriate studies were analyzed. Results: Programs to prevent childhood obesity have so far remained mainly school-based and effects have been limited. Analyses by age group show that prevention programs have the best results in younger children (Conclusion: Behavior-oriented prevention programs showed only limited long-term effects. Certain groups at risk for the development of obesity are not reached effectively by current programs. Although universally valid conclusions cannot be drawn given the heterogeneity of available studies, clearly combining behavior-based programs with community-based prevention to counteract an ‘obesogenic environment' is crucial for sustainable success of future obesity prevention programs

“Such an institution represents the circle of life” – bringing an inpatient hospice into an academic setting: a pre-implementation exploratory study

Abstract Background To combine the benefits of hospice and palliative care, the integration of both seems self-evident. Aim of this study was to explore clinical staff’s and volunteers’ expectations and concerns of the first university hospice in Germany planning for implementation. Methods Staff and volunteers of the Department of Palliative Medicine of the University Hospital in Cologne received questionnaires and were interviewed following three themes of interest: opportunities, challenges, general criteria. Questionnaire results were analyzed descriptively using mean ± SD and percentages, open-ended questions and interviews were analysed using content analysis. Results A total of 28/100 questionnaires was returned (n = 17 clinical staff, n = 11 volunteers) and 18 interviews conducted. The majority of both clinical staff and volunteers estimated the need for a university inpatient hospice as rather to very high (64.7% and 81.8%, respectively). Our findings revealed that most clinical staff and volunteers anticipated improvements with the intended university inpatient hospice, although their expectations were divided between both hope and concern while adhering to legal and general requirements, which they feared might oppose such a project. Participants expressed concern about leadership and staffing plans, albeit most pronounced among clinical staff. Nursing staff repeatedly articulated concerns about being interchanged between the palliative care ward and the intended inpatient hospice while they had explicitly chosen to work in palliative medicine. Conclusions The overall high level of anticipated progress and excitement is very encouraging. Albeit serious concerns were mentioned, our results indicate that all participants believe in a positive impact and highlight the need of developing a solid concept. In order to implement such a hospice within a university setting, it is important to consider multilevel contextual factors such as system-level factors (funding, external and internal regulations), organization-level factors (leadership, staff motivation), and patient-level factors (adaptability to patients' needs). Our findings illustrate the importance of understanding the context of practice before implementation. Our pre-implementation study helps identify critical views from staff members and volunteers that may hinder or advance the implementation. Trial registration The study was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (#DRKS00021258) on April 17th 2020

Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify and Quantify the Genetic Composition of Resistance-Breaking Commercial Isolates of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus

The use of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) isolates as biological control agents of codling moth (CM) larvae is important in organic and integrated pome fruit production worldwide. The commercially available isolates CpGV-0006, CpGV-R5, and CpGV-V15 have been selected for the control of CpGV resistant CM populations in Europe. In infection experiments, CpGV-0006 and CpGV-R5 were able to break type I resistance and to a lower extent also type III resistance, whereas CpGV-V15 overcame type I and the rarely occurring type II and type III resistance. The genetic background of the three isolates was investigated with next generation sequencing (NGS) tools by comparing their nucleotide compositions to whole genome alignments of five CpGV isolates representing the known genetic diversity of the CpGV genome groups A to E. Based on the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Illumina sequencing reads, we found that the two isolates CpGV-0006 and CpGV-R5 have highly similar genome group compositions, consisting of about two thirds of the CpGV genome group E and one third of genome group A. In contrast, CpGV-V15 is composed of equal parts of CpGV genome group B and E. According to the identified genetic composition of these isolates, their efficacy towards different resistance types can be explained and predictions on the success of resistance management strategies in resistant CM populations can be made