Identification of 18 proteins influenced by CHA in nectarine fruit by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis.

<p>Identification of 18 proteins influenced by CHA in nectarine fruit by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis.</p

Protein subcellular location prediction of the 18 proteins influenced by CHA in nectarine fruit according to PSORT (http://wolfpsort.org).

<p>Protein subcellular location prediction of the 18 proteins influenced by CHA in nectarine fruit according to PSORT (<a href="http://wolfpsort.org/" target="_blank">http://wolfpsort.org</a>).</p

Identification of different expressed 18 proteins in nectarine fruit pulp response to CHA treatment by MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS.

<p>Identification of different expressed 18 proteins in nectarine fruit pulp response to CHA treatment by MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS.</p

O₂-· production rate (O₂-·), H₂O₂ content, and membrane permeability of nectarine fruit during storage at 25°C and response to CHA.

<p>O₂-· production rate (O₂-·), H₂O₂ content, and membrane permeability of nectarine fruit during storage at 25°C and response to CHA.</p

Correlation coefficients (r) among accumulation of POD, GR, MDHAR, GST and SOD expressions and their enzyme activities from nectarine pulp.

<p>Correlation coefficients (r) among accumulation of POD, GR, MDHAR, GST and SOD expressions and their enzyme activities from nectarine pulp.</p

Classification and functional distribution of ripening related proteins in nectarine fruit identified by 2-dimentional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS.

<p>Protein species were categorized according to Gene Ontology annotation (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/GO/" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/GO/</a>) and eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/</a>).</p

Evidences for Chlorogenic Acid — A Major Endogenous Polyphenol Involved in Regulation of Ripening and Senescence of Apple Fruit

<div><p>To learn how the endogenous polyphenols may play a role in fruit ripening and senescence, apple pulp discs were used as a model to study the influences of chlorogenic acid (CHA, a major polyphenol in apple pulp) on fruit ripening and senescence. Apple (‘Golden Delicious’) pulp discs prepared from pre-climacteric fruit were treated with 50 mg L^-1 CHA and incubated in flasks with 10 mM MES buffer (pH 6.0, 11% sorbitol). Compared to the control samples, treatment with CHA significantly reduced ethylene production and respiration rate, and enhanced levels of firmness and soluble solids content of the pulp discs during incubation at 25°C. These results suggested that CHA could retard senescence of the apple pulp discs. Proteomics analysis with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF) revealed that the expressions of several key proteins correlated to fruit ripening and senescence were affected by the treatment with CHA. Further study showed that treating the pulp discs with CHA remarkably reduced levels of lipoxygenase, β-galactosidase, NADP-malic enzyme, and enzymatic activities of lipoxygenase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, all of which are known as promoters of fruit ripening and senescence. These results could provide new insights into the functions of endogenous phenolic compounds in fruit ripening and senescence.</p></div

Effect of CHA on changes in levels of the senescence related proteins in apple pulp discs during incubation at 25°C.

<p>Effect of CHA on changes in levels of the senescence related proteins in apple pulp discs during incubation at 25°C.</p

HPLC-chromatographic profile of phenolic compounds in apple pulp at 280 nm wavelengths.

<p>The major peak was identified by both of internal standard method and external reference method with chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, CHA) as a standard substance.</p

Identification of proteins related to senescence of apple pulp disc.

<p>(A) SDS-PAGE analysis of protein profile of apple pulp discs during incubation at 25°C; (B) Identifying and isolation of proteins (band 1–11) related to senescence of apple pulp discs by native-PAGE and SDS–PAGE.</p