21 research outputs found
Enhancing the Sensitivity of Single-Particle Photothermal Imaging with Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
Individual molecules and nanoparticles can be imaged based on their
absorption using photothermal microscopy. This technique relies on
the heating-induced changes in the refractive index of the surrounding
medium. Here, we demonstrate an order of magnitude larger enhancement
of the signal-to-noise ratio in photothermal imaging of 20 nm gold
nanoparticles when using a thermotropic liquid crystal (5CB). We show
quantitatively that this increase is due to the large change in the
thermo-optical properties of 5CB mainly along the nematic director.
Enhancing the sensitivity is important for the further development
of absorption-based single-molecule spectroscopy techniques
Mechanistic Study of Bleach-Imaged Plasmon Propagation (BlIPP)
Bleach-imaged plasmon propagation, BlIPP, is a far-field
microscopy
technique developed to characterize the propagation length of surface
plasmon polaritons in metallic waveguides. To correctly extract the
propagation length from the measured photobleach intensity, it is
necessary to understand the mechanism by which dye photobleaching
occurs. In particular, 1- vs 2-photon bleaching reactions yield different
propagation lengths based on a kinetic model for BlIPP. Because a
number of studies have reported on the importance of 2-photon processes
for dye photobleaching, we investigate here the nature of the photobleaching
step in BlIPP. We are able to demonstrate that only 1-photon absorption
is relevant for typical BlIPP conditions as tested here for a thin
film of indocyanine green fluorescent dye molecules coated over gold
nanowires and excited at a wavelength of 785 nm. These results are
obtained by directly measuring the excitation intensity dependence
of the photobleaching rate constant of the dye in the presence of
the metallic waveguide
Plasmon Emission Quantum Yield of Single Gold Nanorods as a Function of Aspect Ratio
We report on the one-photon photoluminescence of gold nanorods with different aspect ratios. We measured photoluminescence and scattering spectra from 82 gold nanorods using single-particle spectroscopy. We found that the emission and scattering spectra closely resemble each other independent of the nanorod aspect ratio. We assign the photoluminescence to the radiative decay of the longitudinal surface plasmon generated after fast interconversion from excited electron–hole pairs that were initially created by 532 nm excitation. The emission intensity was converted to the quantum yield and was found to approximately exponentially decrease as the energy difference between the excitation and emission wavelength increased for gold nanorods with plasmon resonances between 600 and 800 nm. We compare this plasmon emission to its molecular analogue, fluorescence
Dye-Assisted Gain of Strongly Confined Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Silver Nanowires
Noble
metal nanowires are excellent candidates as subwavelength
optical components in miniaturized devices due to their ability to
support the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Nanoscale
data transfer based on SPP propagation at optical frequencies has
the advantage of larger bandwidths but also suffers from larger losses
due to strong mode confinement. To overcome losses, SPP gain has been
realized, but so far only for weakly confined SPPs in metal films
and stripes. Here we report the demonstration of gain for subwavelength
SPPs that were strongly confined in chemically prepared silver nanowires
(mode area = λ<sup>2</sup>/40) using a dye-doped polymer film
as the optical gain medium. Under continuous wave excitation at 514
nm, we measured a gain coefficient of 270 cm<sup>–1</sup> for
SPPs at 633 nm, resulting in partial SPP loss compensation of 14%.
This achievement for strongly confined SPPs represents a major step
forward toward the realization of nanoscale plasmonic amplifiers and
lasers
Toward Plasmonic Polymers
We establish the concept of a plasmonic polymer, whose
collective
optical properties depend on the repeat unit. Experimental and theoretical
analyses of the super- and sub- radiant plasmon response of plasmonic
polymers comprising repeat units of single nanoparticles or dimers
of gold nanoparticles show that (1) the redshift of the lowest energy
coupled mode becomes minimal as the chain approaches the infinite
chain limit at a length of ∼10 particles, (2) the presence
and energy of the modes are sensitive to the geometries of the constituents,
that is, repeat unit, but (3) spatial disorder and nanoparticle heterogeneity
have only small effects on the super-radiant mode
Turning the Corner: Efficient Energy Transfer in Bent Plasmonic Nanoparticle Chain Waveguides
For
integrating and multiplexing of subwavelength plasmonic waveguides
with other optical and electric components, complex architectures
such as junctions with sharp turns are necessary. However, in addition
to intrinsic losses, bending losses severely limit plasmon propagation.
In the current work, we demonstrate that propagation of surface plasmon
polaritons around 90° turns in silver nanoparticle chains occurs
without bending losses. Using a far-field fluorescence method, bleach-imaged
plasmon propagation (BlIPP), which creates a permanent map of the
plasmonic near-field through bleaching of a fluorophore coated on
top of a plasmonic waveguide, we measured propagation lengths at 633
nm for straight and bent silver nanoparticle chains of 8.0 ±
0.5 and 7.8 ± 0.4 μm, respectively. These propagation lengths
were independent of the input polarization. We furthermore show that
subradiant plasmon modes yield a longer propagation length compared
to energy transport via excitation of super-radiant modes
Using Particle Lithography to Tailor the Architecture of Au Nanoparticle Plasmonic Nanoring Arrays
The
facile assembly of metal nanostructured arrays is a fundamental
step in the design of plasmon enhanced chemical sensing and solar
cell architectures. Here we have investigated methods of creating
controlled formations of two-dimensional periodic arrays comprised
of 20 nm Au nanoparticles (NPs) on a hydrophilic polymer surface using
particle lithography. To direct the assembly process, capillary force
and NP concentration both play critical roles on the resulting nanostructured
arrays. As such, tuning these experimental parameters can directly
be used to modify the nature of the nanostructures formed. To explore
this, two different concentrations of Au NP solutions (∼7 ×
10<sup>11</sup> or 4 × 10<sup>12</sup> NPs/mL) were used in conjunction
with a fixed concentration of polystyrene microspheres (PS MS, ∼6
× 10<sup>9</sup> PS MS/mL). Assembly at a relative humidity (RH)
of 45% with the higher concentration resulted in the formation of
well-defined Au nanorings of ca. 23 nm in height and 881 nm in diameter
with a pitch of 2.5 μm. Assembly at 65% RH with the lower concentration
of NPs resulted in Au nanodonut arrays comprised of isolated single
Au NPs. To explore the extent of coupling in the well-defined structures,
dark field scattering spectra were collected and showed a broad localized
surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak with a shoulder, which full-wave
electrodynamics modeling (finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method)
attributed to be a result of pronounced particle–particle coupling
along the circumference of the nanoring array
A Plasmonic Fano Switch
Plasmonic clusters can support Fano resonances, where
the line
shape characteristics are controlled by cluster geometry. Here we
show that clusters with a hemicircular central disk surrounded by
a circular ring of closely spaced, coupled nanodisks yield Fano-like
and non-Fano-like spectra for orthogonal incident polarization orientations.
When this structure is incorporated into an uniquely broadband, liquid
crystal device geometry, the entire Fano resonance spectrum can be
switched on and off in a voltage-dependent manner. A reversible transition
between the Fano-like and non-Fano-like spectra is induced by relatively
low (∼6 V) applied voltages, resulting in a complete on/off
switching of the transparency window
Scattering Properties of Individual Hedgehog Particles
“Hedgehog”
particles (HPs) possess a micrometer-sized
dielectric spherical core which is densely coated with nanoscale metal
oxide spikes. This unique surface topography, resembling the appearance
of a hedgehog, provides the particles with the exclusive physiochemical
property to stably disperse in both polar and nonpolar solvents without
the necessity of changing the surface chemistry. Optical extinction
measurements of HP ensembles in aqueous solution indicate a broad
spectral response in the visible range. However, there remains a dearth
of fundamental knowledge about the cause of the broad optical resonance,
as it can be a consequence of shape polydispersity in the many-particle
system or intrinsic to each individual HP. In this paper, we present
the first experimental study of the dark-field scattering of individual
hydrophilic and hydrophobic HPs. Our measurements disclose that the
expansive optical response in the visible spectral range is truly
characteristic for the far-field scattering of a single HP. Our results
also uncover how intrinsic particle features, such as spike length,
as well as environmental changes affect the scattering of individual
HPs. In particular, by changing the atmosphere around a hydrophilic
HP from air to nitrogen and by completely immersing in water by employing
a 3D optical trap, we discovered that the scattering from a hydrophilic
HP is strongly modulated by excess water in its interstitial shell
Influence of Cross Sectional Geometry on Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation in Gold Nanowires
We investigated the effects of cross sectional geometry on surface plasmon polariton propagation in gold nanowires (NWs) using bleach-imaged plasmon propagation and electromagnetic simulations. Chemically synthesized NWs have pentagonally twinned crystal structures, but recent advances in synthesis have made it possible to amplify this pentagonal shape to yield NWs with a five-pointed-star cross section and sharp end tips. We found experimentally that NWs with a five-pointed-star cross section, referred to as SNWs, had a shorter propagation length for surface plasmon polaritons at 785 nm, but a higher effective incoupling efficiency compared to smooth NWs with a pentagonal cross section, labeled as PNWs. Electromagnetic simulations revealed that the electric fields were localized at the sharp ridges of the SNWs, leading to higher absorptive losses and hence shorter propagation lengths compared to PNWs. On the other hand, scattering losses were found to be relatively uncorrelated with cross sectional geometry, but were strongly dependent on the plasmon mode excited. Our results provide insight into the shape-dependent waveguiding properties of chemically synthesized metal NWs and the mode-dependent loss mechanisms that govern surface plasmon polariton propagation