Meta-analysis of the hazard ratios of overall survival between bevacizumab and control therapy using random effect model.

<p>Bars, 95% confidence intervals (CI) of hazard ratio in patients receiving bevacizumab versus controls. The areas of the squares are proportional to the weights used for combining the data. The center of the lozenge gives the combined hazard ratio. The hazard ratio was considered statistically significant if the 95% CI for the overall hazard ratio did not overlap one.</p

Meta-analysis of the odds ratios of one-year survival rate between bevacizumab and control therapy.

<p>Bars, 95% confidence intervals (CI) of odds ratio in patients receiving bevacizumab versus controls. The areas of the squares are proportional to the weights used for combining the data. The center of the lozenge gives the combined odds ratio. The odds ratio was considered statistically significant if the 95% CI for the overall odds ratio did not overlap one.</p

Meta-analysis of the hazard ratios of progression-free survival between bevacizumab and control therapy using random effect model.

<p><b>Bars, 95% confidence intervals (CI) of hazard ratio in patients receiving bevacizumab versus controls</b>. The areas of the squares are proportional to the weights used for combining the data. The center of the lozenge gives the combined hazard ratio. The hazard ratio was considered statistically significant if the 95% CI for the overall hazard ratio did not overlap one.</p

A flow chart showing the progress of trials through the review.

<p>A flow chart showing the progress of trials through the review.</p

Concentrations of IL-27 in pleural effusions and sera.

<p>Values are presented as mean ± SEM; PE  =  pleural effusion.</p>†<p>p<0.001 compared with each of the other groups determined by one-way analysis of variance.</p>‡<p>p<0.01 compared with the corresponding compartments in sera, determined by paired <i>t</i> test.</p

<i>In vitro</i> stimulation of Th9 cell differentiation by antigen presentation of pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs).

<p>Purified naïve CD4⁺ T cells from blood were cultured with autologous PMCs at a ratio of 5 ∶ 1 for 5 d in the absence or presence of exogenous antigen ESAT-6/CFP-10, IL-9, IL-4 or IFN-γ (A), or anti–CD80, –CD86 mAb, a combination of anti–CD80 and –CD86 mAbs, CTLA-4Ig or control Ig (B) was added into the coculture, the frequencies of Th9 cells were determined by flow cytometry. The results are reported as mean ± SEM from 5 independent experiments. The comparisons were determined by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks. * p<0.05 compared with medium control, †p<0.05 compared with PMCs plus ESAT-6/CFP-10 (or plus control IgG).</p

Comparisons of Th cells in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) and blood stimulated with PMA+ionomycin or tuberculosis antigens^*.

<p>*Values are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 14.</p>†<p>p<0.01 compared with the corresponding blood with the same stimulation determined by Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p>‡<p>p<0.01 compared with the corresponding compartments stimulated by tuberculosis antigens determined by Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p

Th9 cells increased in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE).

<p>(A) Th9 cells within CD4⁺ T cells were identified based on their expression of CD3 and not of CD8. The representative flow cytometric dot-plots of Th9, Th1, Th2 cells, Th17, and Tregs in TPE and blood are shown. (B) Comparisons of percentages of Th9, Th1, Th2 cells, Th17, and Tregs in TPE and blood (n = 14). Horizontal bars indicate means. The percentages of Th cells represented Th cell numbers in total CD4⁺ T cell numbers as determined by flow cytometry, comparison was made using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The percentages of Th cells were determined by flow cytometry, comparison was made using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Th9 cells correlated negatively with Th1, Th2 cells, Th17, and Tregs in TPE (n = 14). Correlations were determined by Spearman rank correlation coefficients.</p

Chemokine CCL20 in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) was chemotactic for Th9 cells <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>TPE and supernatants of cultured pleural mesothelial cells (both n = 5) were used to stimulate chemotaxis of Th9 cells in the absence of presence of anti–CCL20 mAb or an irrelevant isotype control. The comparisons were determined by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks. *p<0.05 compared with the irrelevant isotype control.</p

Differentiation of human Th9 cells from naïve CD4⁺ T cells stimulated by different cytokines.

<p>Purified naïve CD4⁺ T cells isolated from tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) and blood (both n = 5) were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28 mAbs in the presence of the indicated cytokines, either alone (A) or in various combinations (B). Seven days after activation, the cells were stimulated with PMA and ionomycin for 5 h and analyzed for IL-9 expression after intracellular staining. The comparisons were determined by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks. * p<0.05 compared with medium control. Naïve CD4⁺ T cells from TPE and blood (both n = 5) were cultured and stimulated with indicated concentrations of TGF-β for 7 d (C), or with 5 ng/ml of TGF-β for indicated time points (D), the percentages of Th9 cells determined by flow cytometry. Comparisons were determined by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks. * p<0.05 compared with baseline values.</p