Share of patient out-of-pocket amount in hospitalization expense.

<p>Share of patient out-of-pocket amount in hospitalization expense.</p

Meta-analysis with a random-effects model for the association between asthma risk and the <i>CTLA-4</i> +49 A/G polymorphism (AA vs. AG+GG).

<p>Meta-analysis with a random-effects model for the association between asthma risk and the <i>CTLA-4</i> +49 A/G polymorphism (AA vs. AG+GG).</p

Improvement of the reduction in catastrophic health expenditure in China’s public health insurance

<div><p>This study aimed to locate the contributing factors of Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE), evaluate their impacts, and try to propose strategies for reducing the possibilities of CHE in the context of China’s current public health insurance system. The financial data of all hospitalization cases from a sample hospital in 2013 were gathered and used to determine the pattern of household medical costs. A simulation model was constructed based on China’s current public health insurance system to evaluate the financial burden for medical service on Chinese patients, as well as to calculate the possibilities of CHE. Then, by adjusting several parameters, suggestions were made for China’s health insurance system in order to reduce CHE. It’s found with China’s current public health insurance system, the financial aid that a patient may receive depends on whether he is from an urban or rural area and whether he is employed. Due to the different insurance policies and the wide income gap between urban and rural areas, rural residents are much more financially vulnerable during health crisis. The possibility of CHE can be more than 50% for low-income rural families. The CHE ratio can be dramatically lowered by applying different policies for different household income groups. It’s concluded the financial burden for medical services of Chinese patients is quite large currently, especially for those from rural areas. By referencing different healthcare policies in the world, applying different health insurance policies for different income groups can dramatically reduce the possibility of CHE in China.</p></div

Funnel plot for publication bias in selection of studies on the <i>CTLA-4</i> −318 C/T polymorphism (CC+CT vs. TT).

<p>Funnel plot for publication bias in selection of studies on the <i>CTLA-4</i> −318 C/T polymorphism (CC+CT vs. TT).</p

Survey data of CHE in a metropolis sample hospital in 2015.

<p>Survey data of CHE in a metropolis sample hospital in 2015.</p

Flowchart for effect assessment for the public insurance system.

<p>Flowchart for effect assessment for the public insurance system.</p

CHE change corresponding to insurance policy adjustment.

<p>CHE change corresponding to insurance policy adjustment.</p

Frequency of hospitalization expenses after logarithm in the sample hospital in 2013.

<p>Frequency of hospitalization expenses after logarithm in the sample hospital in 2013.</p

Fitting household income by lognormal distribution.

<p>Fitting household income by lognormal distribution.</p

Number of CHEs in the simulation.

<p>Number of CHEs in the simulation.</p